The Sensible Mama’s Glossary: Birth Terms Made Simple
This glossary is here to help you understand the terms and phrases you might come across while learning about pregnancy, labor, birth (especially home birth), and the postpartum period. Understanding the language used in this subject can help you make more informed decisions and feel more confident in your choices. That said, I'm not a doctor, and this glossary is for informational purposes only. It is not medical advice.
These definitions are meant to give a basic understanding. I’ve intentionally kept things simple and avoided diving into complex medical terminology. The goal is to help a mama who is learning about birth feel more confident in the basics. If you’re looking for more detailed or clinical information, I encourage doing further research or speaking with a trusted professional.
A
Active Labor: The part of labor when your cervix is dilating more quickly—from about 6 to 10 centimeters—and contractions become stronger, longer, and closer together.
This is usually when things start to feel more intense and focused. You may need more support, may not feel like talking during contractions, and might start using coping techniques more seriously (like breathing, changing positions, getting into a tub, etc.).
It’s a clear sign that your body is making real progress toward meeting your baby. Once you reach 10 centimeters, active labor ends and the pushing stage begins.
Adrenaline: Adrenaline (also called epinephrine) is a hormone your body releases in response to stress, fear, or excitement. It’s part of the “fight or flight” system and helps you react quickly in intense situations by speeding up your heart rate, increasing blood flow to muscles, and sharpening your alertness.
During labor, adrenaline can have different effects depending on the timing. In early and active labor, high adrenaline levels—caused by fear, bright lights, or interruptions—can slow down contractions by working against oxytocin, the hormone that drives labor forward.
But in the final stage, when baby is just about to be born, a natural surge of adrenaline often kicks in. This gives you a burst of energy, helps with focus, and can even make you more vocal or alert as you prepare to push.
The key is balance. Staying calm and supported in labor helps keep adrenaline low when it needs to be—and lets it rise naturally when your body is ready.
Afterbirth: The term used to describe what happens right after the baby is born—specifically, the delivery of the placenta and any remaining tissues that supported the baby in the womb.
It’s often called the third stage of labor and usually happens within minutes after the birth. While it’s not as dramatic as delivering the baby, it’s still an important part of the birth process and helps the uterus begin its healing and recovery.
After Pains: Cramp-like contractions you may feel in the days after giving birth. They happen as your uterus shrinks back down to its pre-pregnancy size.
These pains are usually strongest in the first few days postpartum and may feel like period cramps. They tend to be more noticeable if it’s not your first baby, and they often get worse during breastfeeding because nursing triggers the release of oxytocin, which causes the uterus to contract.
Uncomfortable as they are, after pains are a good sign that your body is healing and returning to its non-pregnant state.
Amnion: A thin but strong membrane that forms part of the amniotic sac—the fluid-filled pouch that surrounds and protects the baby during pregnancy.
The amnion holds the amniotic fluid and helps cushion the baby, maintain a stable temperature, and allow for movement and growth. It's one of two layers that make up the amniotic sac (the other being the chorion).
The amnion stays intact until the water breaks, either on its own or during labor.
Amniocentesis: An invasive prenatal test where a thin needle is used to remove a small amount of amniotic fluid from around the baby, usually with ultrasound guidance.
It’s not done routinely—it’s typically offered if there are concerns from earlier screenings, a known risk of genetic conditions, or if more detailed information is needed about the baby’s health. The fluid is tested for things like chromosomal differences, genetic disorders, or certain infections.
While it can provide clear answers, it does carry some risks, including a small chance of miscarriage. Like with any test or procedure, you have the right to ask questions, weigh the risks and benefits, and say no if it doesn’t feel right for you.
Amniotic Fluid: The clear, slightly yellowish liquid that surrounds your baby inside the amniotic sac during pregnancy. It plays a crucial role in protecting and supporting your baby as they grow.
This fluid helps cushion the baby from bumps or pressure, keeps the temperature steady, allows the baby to move around (which helps with muscle and bone development), and even helps the lungs and digestive system develop by allowing the baby to "practice" breathing and swallowing.
The amount of amniotic fluid increases during pregnancy and usually peaks around 36 weeks, then starts to decrease a bit as birth approaches. When your water "breaks," that's the amniotic fluid leaking out.
Amniotic Sac: A thin, fluid-filled membrane that forms early in pregnancy and holds the baby and the amniotic fluid. It's made up of two layers (the amnion and the chorion) and acts like a protective bubble, keeping the environment sterile, cushioning the baby, and helping regulate temperature. This sac usually stays intact until labor, and when it breaks—either on its own or by a provider—it’s commonly referred to as your water breaking.
Androgens: A group of hormones often called “male hormones,” though they are present in both males and females.
The most well-known androgen is testosterone. In mamas, androgens play a role in things like bone strength, libido, and overall hormone balance. However, when androgen levels are too high—like in conditions such as PCOS—they can cause symptoms like acne, unwanted hair growth, or irregular periods.
Balanced androgen levels are important for reproductive health, and if symptoms arise, it can be helpful to look into hormone testing and supportive care.
Anemia: A condition where you don’t have enough healthy red blood cells to carry oxygen throughout your body.
In pregnancy, it’s usually caused by low iron levels and can leave you feeling tired, weak, lightheaded, or short of breath. It’s pretty common during pregnancy because your body is working hard to support both you and your growing baby.
A simple blood test (like a CBC - Complete Blood Count) can check for it, and if you do have it, your provider may recommend iron-rich foods, supplements, or other support to help bring your levels back up.
Anencephaly: A rare condition where parts of a baby’s brain and skull don’t fully form during early pregnancy. The name comes from “an-” meaning “without” and “encephaly,” which refers to the brain. It’s usually discovered through ultrasound in the first or second trimester.
Anencephaly occurs in about 3 out of every 10,000 pregnancies. Babies with this condition are often missing major portions of the brain and head, and it is not considered compatible with long-term life.
The exact cause isn’t always known, but it may involve a mix of genetic and environmental factors. Low folic acid levels in early pregnancy are believed to play a role in some cases, but many parents with good prenatal care still receive this diagnosis. Sometimes these things simply happen, without a clear explanation or anything that could have been done to prevent it. Support and care are available for families facing this diagnosis.
Anterior: When describing baby’s position, anterior means the baby is facing your back, with their back toward your belly. This is considered the ideal position for birth because it usually allows the baby to move more easily through the pelvis.
The most common and preferred position is called left occiput anterior (LOA)—this means the baby’s head is down, their back is on your left side, and they’re facing your back. This position tends to lead to smoother, faster labors.
Anterior Placenta: When the placenta attaches to the front wall of the uterus, closest to your belly. This is a common and usually harmless variation. It can sometimes make it harder to feel baby’s early movements or make it a bit trickier to hear the heartbeat with a Doppler early on, but it doesn’t typically affect the health of the pregnancy. In some cases, if a cesarean is needed, providers will note the placenta’s position to avoid it during surgery.
APGAR Score: A quick assessment done at 1 and 5 minutes after birth to check how well a newborn is adjusting. It looks at five things: skin color, heart rate, reflexes (grimace), muscle tone, and breathing. Each is scored from 0 to 2, for a total score out of 10.
Grimace in this case refers to the baby’s reaction to stimulation—like a gentle rub or suctioning. A strong cry or pull-away response gets a higher score.
Scores of 7–10 are usually normal, 4–6 may mean baby needs a little help, and 0–3 indicates immediate medical attention.
Areola: The circular area of darker skin surrounding the nipple.
During pregnancy, the areola often becomes larger and darker, which may help the newborn more easily find the nipple for breastfeeding. It contains small glands (called Montgomery glands) that produce natural oils to keep the skin moisturized and may also give off a scent that helps guide the baby to latch.
AROM (Artificial Rupture of Membranes): A procedure where a care provider uses a small tool during a vaginal exam to break the amniotic sac and release the fluid. This is sometimes done to help start or strengthen labor contractions or to place internal monitors. Once the water is broken, there is an increased risk of infection over time, so it typically means birth is expected to follow within a certain window.
B
Babinski reflex: When you gently stroke the sole of a newborn’s foot, their big toe lifts up and the other toes fan out. It might look a little odd, but it’s a totally normal reflex in newborns and young babies. This reflex shows that the nervous system is developing as it should.
It’s named after the French neurologist Joseph Babinski, who first described it in the 1890s. The Babinski reflex usually fades by 12 to 24 months of age as the nervous system matures.
Baby blues: A common emotional shift that many mamas experience in the first few days after birth. It can include mood swings, tearfulness, irritability, anxiety, or feeling overwhelmed—for no clear reason at all. These feelings are usually caused by the sudden drop in hormones after birth, combined with exhaustion and the huge life change of welcoming a new baby.
The baby blues typically start a few days after delivery and fade within two weeks. They come and go, and while they can feel intense, they’re temporary. Rest, support, nourishment, and a little grace go a long way. If the feelings linger or begin to feel heavier, it may be a sign to check in with someone you trust and get a little extra support to help you feel more like yourself again.
Baby-led weaning: A style of introducing solid foods where the baby feeds themselves from the start, instead of being spoon-fed purees.
With this method, babies are offered soft, safe pieces of regular food (what the family is eating, modified if needed), and they explore it on their own—touching, tasting, and chewing at their own pace.
It usually starts around six months, when baby is able to sit up well and shows interest in food. The goal isn’t how much they eat at first, but letting them develop skills and confidence with eating. It’s messy, slow, and kind of fun—and as always, the mama gets to decide if it’s a good fit.
Babywearing: Carrying your baby close to your body using a wrap, sling, or soft carrier. It keeps your hands free while keeping baby snug, safe, and right where they usually want to be—on you.
Babywearing can help with bonding, calming a fussy baby, and making everyday life a little easier (like chasing a toddler while holding a newborn).
There are lots of carrier styles out there, and what works best depends on your baby’s age/size and what feels good for you.
Back Labor: Intense pain or pressure felt in the lower back during labor, usually caused by the baby’s head pressing against the mother’s spine. It’s more common when the baby is in a posterior position—facing forward with the back of their head toward the mother’s back. The discomfort can be constant or come and go with contractions, and it often feels different from typical abdominal labor pain. Techniques like counter-pressure, changing positions, or getting into water may help ease the sensation.
Bed-Sharing: When your baby sleeps in the same bed as you or another caregiver. For many families, especially in those early newborn days, it’s a way to stay close, get more rest, and make breastfeeding easier.
It can be a sweet and practical choice—but it also comes with some important safety considerations. A safe bed-sharing setup usually means a firm mattress, no extra pillows or blankets near baby, and making sure no one in the bed is overtired or under the influence of anything that could affect awareness.
Like most things in parenting, bed-sharing isn’t all good or all bad—it’s about knowing the risks, making thoughtful choices, and doing what works best for your family.
Bilirubin: A yellow substance that’s made when the body breaks down old red blood cells. In newborns, bilirubin levels can be high in the first few days after birth because their liver is still maturing and may not process it efficiently yet. This can lead to jaundice, which causes the baby’s skin and eyes to look yellow. Mild jaundice is common and often clears up on its own, but higher levels may need treatment to help the body break it down safely.
Birth ball: A birth ball is basically a big exercise or yoga ball that many mamas use during pregnancy, labor, and postpartum. Sitting or gently bouncing on one can help open the pelvis, ease back pain, and encourage baby to move into a good position. Some mamas use it to rock or sway during contractions, while others just find it more comfortable than a couch or chair late in pregnancy.
You can also lean over it on hands and knees, use it for stretching, or rest your upper body on it during labor. It’s a simple, affordable tool that can make a big difference in how you feel—before, during, and after birth, both for comfort and for helping your body do what it needs to do.
Birth Canal: The passage the baby travels through during a vaginal birth. It includes the cervix (the opening to the uterus), the vagina, and the surrounding muscles and tissues.
As labor progresses, the cervix opens and the baby moves down through the birth canal and out into the world.
The birth canal is designed to stretch and accommodate the baby’s head and body during delivery.
Birth Center: A facility designed specifically for labor and birth that offers a more home-like environment than a hospital. Birth centers are typically staffed by midwives and are geared toward low-risk pregnancies. They focus on natural birth and minimal intervention, but can transfer clients to a hospital if complications arise.
Birth Combs: Birth combs are a simple, handheld comfort tool used during labor to help manage pain. When a mama grips the comb with the teeth pressing into the palm or base of the fingers, it activates nerve pathways that compete with pain signals from the contractions—a concept known as pain gating.
Pain gating means that the brain can only focus on a limited number of sensations at once. By creating a strong, controlled sensation in the hand, the comb can "distract" the brain from focusing fully on the pain of contractions. This technique can also help release endorphins—the body’s natural pain relief. Birth combs are affordable, portable, and easy to use in any birth setting.
Birth Control: Refers to methods used to prevent pregnancy. There are many types of birth control, including hormonal options (like the pill, patch, or IUD), barrier methods (like condoms or diaphragms), and natural approaches (like fertility awareness or tracking ovulation). Some are short-term, while others are longer-lasting or even permanent.
Mamas may choose birth control for different reasons—spacing children, managing health conditions, or giving their body time to recover after birth. The best method depends on your individual needs, health, and goals. It’s helpful to learn about the options and talk with a provider who respects your values and preferences.
Birthmark: A birthmark is a patch of skin that looks different in color or texture and is present at birth or appears shortly after. They can be flat or raised, and may be pink, red, brown, black, blue, or even purple. Some are small and barely noticeable, while others are more visible.
There are different types of birthmarks—some made up of extra pigment (color) in the skin, and others caused by blood vessels grouped together near the surface.
Most birthmarks are completely harmless and don’t need any treatment, though a few may be monitored by a healthcare provider to be sure they’re not affecting anything else. Many fade over time, while others stay for life and simply become part of your baby’s unique look.
Birth Plan: A written outline of your preferences for labor, birth, and the immediate postpartum period. It can include things like who you want present, pain management options, positions for labor and pushing, preferences for monitoring, how you'd like to handle interventions, and newborn care choices. A birth plan helps communicate your wishes to your care team, though it’s understood that things may change depending on how labor unfolds.
Birth Pool: A large, inflatable tub or basin filled with warm water, used during labor and sometimes for giving birth. Being in the water can help with relaxation, ease the intensity of contractions, and support more comfortable movement.
Some people use a birth pool just for labor, while others choose to actually deliver their baby in the water. Birth pools are typically deeper and roomier than a regular bathtub, allowing for full immersion and more freedom of movement.
Birth Stool: A low, U- or C-shaped seat with an open center, designed to support a mama in an upright or squatting position while she pushes during labor. It usually sits just a few inches off the ground and may have a backrest for support. The open space in the middle allows the baby to be delivered while the mama stays seated, using gravity to help guide the baby down.
Birth stools can make pushing more effective and may feel more natural for some mamas. They're commonly used in home births and birth centers, and some hospitals have them available upon request.
Birth Team: The group of people who support you during labor and birth. This can include your midwife or doctor, a doula, your partner, family or friends, nurses, and anyone else you've chosen to be present.
Everyone on your birth team plays a different role—some provide medical care, others offer emotional support, physical comfort, or advocacy. A strong, aligned birth team can make a big difference in how supported and safe you feel during the experience.
Bishop score: This is an arbitrary point system used in the medical system to estimate how likely it is that a mama’s body will respond to an induction attempt. It’s based on five factors that are checked during a cervical exam: how open the cervix is (dilation), how thin it is (effacement), how soft it feels, whether it’s moved into a forward position, and how low baby is in the pelvis (station).
Each category gets a score, and the total adds up to somewhere between 0 and 13. The higher the number, the more “favorable” they consider your body for induction. A low number might mean they expect it to take more time or require more interventions.
It’s just a tool—and not a perfect one. It doesn’t predict when labor will start or how your birth will go. If this comes up in your care, it’s a good moment to ask questions, get the full picture, and decide what makes the most sense for you and your baby.
Blastocyst: A very early stage of development that happens a few days after fertilization, just before implantation.
After the sperm and egg join to form a zygote, the cells begin dividing. By about day 5, it becomes a blastocyst—a tiny, fluid-filled ball of cells. This is the stage when the developing baby reaches the uterus and is ready to implant into the uterine lining.
The outer layer of the blastocyst will become the placenta, and the inner group of cells will become the baby.
Bleb: A small blister-like spot that can form on the nipple, often caused by a clogged milk duct or friction from nursing or pumping. It looks like a tiny white, yellow, or clear dot and may feel sore or tender—like a pinpoint of pain during nursing.
A bleb can block milk from flowing properly and may lead to a clogged duct if not addressed. It’s usually temporary and can often be relieved with warm compresses, gentle massage, or soaking the nipple in warm salt water. If it persists or is very painful, it’s a good idea to check in with a lactation consultant or trusted provider.
Bloody Show: A sign that the body is getting ready for labor. Bloody show is the release of mucus tinged with blood from the cervix, often appearing as pink, red, or brown streaks in a thick, jelly-like discharge. It happens as the cervix softens, opens, and the tiny blood vessels in the area break.
Bloody show can happen days or hours before labor begins, or even during early labor. It’s different from heavy bleeding and is usually nothing to worry about—just one of the many signs that your body is moving in the right direction.
Bottle feeding: Feeding a baby with a bottle, using either breastmilk or formula. It allows caregivers to feed the baby without direct breastfeeding and can offer flexibility in who feeds and when.
Bottle feeding can be introduced at any point and may be part of a baby’s full-time feeding plan or used alongside breastfeeding.
Bradley Method: A childbirth education method focused on preparing couples for natural, unmedicated birth. It emphasizes deep relaxation, breathing techniques, good nutrition, regular exercise during pregnancy, and active participation by the birthing partner as a coach.
The goal is to help parents feel confident and informed, with tools to handle labor without the use of pain medication. Classes typically cover pregnancy wellness, labor stages, and strategies for coping with contractions through physical and emotional support.
Braxton Hicks: Mild, irregular contractions that can start midway through pregnancy and are often called “practice contractions.” They help the uterus tone and prepare for labor but don’t usually cause the cervix to change.
Braxton Hicks are typically painless or just mildly uncomfortable, tend to come and go, and don’t get stronger or closer together like true labor contractions. They often show up more in the evening, after activity, or when you're dehydrated.
Breast crawl: This is the instinctive movement a newborn may make shortly after birth, when placed skin-to-skin on the mama’s belly or chest. Without being guided, the baby will often begin to move, wriggle, and nudge their way upward—using their arms, legs, and sense of smell—toward the breast to begin nursing for the first time.
It’s a remarkable built-in reflex that’s been observed across cultures and birth settings, especially when baby is given uninterrupted time and space right after birth. The breast crawl supports bonding, helps regulate baby’s temperature and breathing, and can kickstart breastfeeding naturally.
Not every baby does it (and not every birth makes it possible), but when conditions allow, it’s an incredible thing to witness—and a beautiful example of how capable and connected babies are from their very first moments.
Breastfeeding: Feeding a baby with milk directly from the breast. It provides complete nutrition for infants, along with immune support and bonding benefits. Breastfeeding can look different for everyone—some feed on demand, some follow a schedule, and some combine breastfeeding with pumping or bottle-feeding.
The body usually makes milk in response to baby’s nursing, and the more often milk is removed, the more is produced. While natural, breastfeeding is also a learned skill for both parent and baby and can come with a learning curve.
Breastmilk: The natural milk produced by a mama’s body to feed her baby. It contains the perfect mix of nutrients, antibodies, enzymes, and hormones to support a baby’s growth, immune system, and development.
The composition of breastmilk changes over time to meet the baby’s needs—from colostrum in the first days after birth to mature milk later on. It can be fed directly at the breast or expressed and given by bottle or other methods.
Breast Pads: Absorbent liners worn inside a bra to catch leaking milk and keep clothing dry. They can be especially helpful during the early weeks of breastfeeding when milk supply is adjusting.
Some are disposable and designed for single use, while others are reusable and made from soft, washable materials like cotton or bamboo.
Breech: Refers to a baby’s position in the womb when the buttocks or feet are pointed downward instead of the head. This happens in a small percentage of pregnancies near term.
While many providers today recommend a cesarean birth for breech babies, especially in hospital settings, breech is sometimes just a variation of normal. With the right training, experience, and support, vaginal breech birth can be a safe option in certain situations.
There are a few types of breech positions, including frank breech (buttocks down, legs up), complete breech (buttocks down, legs crossed), and footling breech (one or both feet down).
Brow Presentation: A rare fetal position where the baby’s head is partially extended, so the forehead (or "brow") is the part entering the birth canal first. This position creates a larger diameter than other head-down positions, which can make vaginal birth more difficult or sometimes not possible, depending on how labor progresses.
Brow presentation is often diagnosed during labor and may shift into a more favorable position on its own, but in some cases, it can lead to a need for a cesarean birth.
C
Caput succedaneum: This is a soft, squishy swelling on a newborn's scalp that can sometimes show up right after birth. It happens when the part of the baby's head that comes out first (usually the top) gets pressed on during labor, especially if the membranes were broken for a long time or there was a long pushing stage. The pressure causes a buildup of fluid under the skin.
The term comes from Latin: "caput" means head, and "succedaneum" means substitute—as in, this part of the head takes the pressure on behalf of the rest. It's kind of like that one spot steps up and takes one for the team while baby makes their way out.
It might look a little alarming at first, but it usually goes away on its own within a few days and doesn’t require treatment.
Cascade of Interventions: Refers to a chain reaction where one medical intervention during labor leads to another, often unintentionally.
For example, labor might be induced with medication, which can make contractions more intense, leading to an epidural for pain relief, which can then slow labor and increase the chance of needing more interventions like continuous monitoring, assisted delivery, or even a cesarean.
The term is often used to encourage thoughtful decision-making about when and why interventions are used, especially for those aiming for a low-intervention or natural birth.
Castor Oil: An oil made from castor beans that’s sometimes used as a natural method to try to kickstart labor. It works by stimulating the bowels, which can, in turn, irritate the uterus and potentially bring on contractions. Because it can cause cramping, diarrhea, and dehydration, it’s not something to take lightly—and it doesn’t always work.
If you’re considering using castor oil, make sure you’re using a food-grade version that’s safe for ingestion—not all castor oil is. Always talk it through with your provider and get clear on the risks, how to use it safely, and whether it’s truly the right choice for your situation.
CBC (Complete Blood Count): A common blood test that checks your overall health by measuring different parts of your blood—like red blood cells (which carry oxygen), white blood cells (which help fight infection), and platelets (which help with blood clotting).
During pregnancy, a CBC is often done to look for things like anemia, signs of infection, or how your body is handling the changes that come with pregnancy. It’s a routine test that gives your provider a basic picture of what’s going on in your blood and whether anything needs more attention.
Cephalic: Describes a baby’s position in the womb when the head is down, closest to the birth canal. This is the most common and usually the most favorable position for vaginal birth.
Cephalic just means “head-first,” but it doesn’t specify how the baby’s head is positioned—most often it refers to vertex position, where the top of the head leads the way. (See Vertex.)
Cervical Check: A manual exam done by a provider to assess the cervix during late pregnancy or labor. It’s used to check how dilated (open), effaced (thinned), and soft the cervix is, as well as the baby’s position and station (how low the baby is in the pelvis).
The exam is done by inserting gloved fingers into the vagina and feeling the cervix. While it can offer helpful information, it’s optional and doesn't always predict how soon labor will begin.
Some people find them uncomfortable or prefer to limit them unless medically necessary.
Cervical Lip: When most of the cervix is fully dilated, but a small portion—usually at the front—is still thick or swollen and hasn’t opened completely. This leftover “lip” of cervix can sometimes get caught between the baby’s head and the pubic bone during pushing, which can slow progress.
It often resolves on its own with time and position changes, but sometimes a provider may gently help move it out of the way during a contraction.
Cervix: The lower, narrow part of the uterus that connects to the top of the vagina. During pregnancy, the cervix stays closed and firm to keep the baby in the uterus. As labor begins, it softens, thins (effaces), and opens (dilates) to allow the baby to pass through the birth canal.
Cesarean Section (C-section): A surgical procedure used to deliver a baby through incisions made in the mother’s abdomen and uterus. It can be scheduled in advance for medical or personal reasons, or performed urgently during labor if complications arise.
During the procedure, the mama is usually awake with a numbing medication (like an epidural or spinal block), and the baby is typically delivered within minutes after the incision. Recovery usually involves a few days in the hospital and several weeks of healing at home, with activity restrictions to allow the body to recover.
Chorion: The chorion is the outer layer of the amniotic sac that surrounds the baby during pregnancy. It works together with the amnion (the inner layer) to protect the baby and hold in the amniotic fluid.
The chorion also helps form the placenta, which gives the baby nutrients and oxygen. It's an important part of keeping the baby safe and supported as they grow.
Chorionic Villus Sampling (CVS): A prenatal test where a small sample of cells is taken from the placenta to check for certain genetic or chromosomal conditions in the baby. It’s usually done between 10 and 13 weeks of pregnancy.
This is considered an invasive test and does come with some risks, including a small chance of miscarriage. It’s not routine, but may be offered if there's a family history of genetic conditions or if other screenings show possible concerns.
As with any procedure, mamas have the right to ask questions, weigh the risks and benefits, and decide what feels right for them.
Chux pad: A Chux pad is a disposable pad with a soft top layer and a waterproof backing, used to protect surfaces from fluids during labor, birth, or postpartum. You can lay one on the bed, couch, car seat—anywhere you want to keep clean and dry while your body does its thing.
They’re especially helpful for catching amniotic fluid, blood, or postpartum bleeding, and are often used by midwives, doulas, and hospitals. Many mamas keep a few on hand just in case.
The name “Chux” comes from the idea that you can chuck them away after use—simple, no-fuss cleanup.
Clogged Duct (or Blocked Milk Duct): A condition that can happen when milk flow gets backed up in part of the breast, causing a small, tender lump or area of discomfort. It may feel firm or sore to the touch and can sometimes cause redness or a slight warm spot on the skin.
Clogs can happen if milk isn’t being emptied regularly—like after a skipped feeding, a shallow latch, or tight clothing pressing on the breast. They often clear with frequent nursing or pumping, gentle massage, warm compresses, and rest. If not resolved, a clogged duct can sometimes lead to mastitis.
Cluster feeding: This is when a baby wants to nurse (or bottle-feed) very frequently, often every hour—or even more—for a stretch of time. It can happen at any time of day and sometimes lasts several hours or even most of the day. It’s especially common during growth spurts or big developmental leaps.
It can feel like all you’re doing is feeding your baby, and that’s completely normal—though definitely tiring. Cluster feeding is your baby’s way of boosting your milk supply, getting extra comfort, or preparing for a longer stretch of sleep.
It doesn’t mean something is wrong or that you’re not producing enough milk. If baby is gaining weight, having wet diapers, and seems generally content (even if the breaks between feeds are short), you’re doing just fine.
CM (Certified Midwife): A midwife certified through the same board as CNMs but without a nursing background. CMs complete a graduate-level midwifery program and receive similar clinical training. They are licensed in a limited number of states and may work in a variety of birth settings, depending on local laws.
CNM (Certified Nurse-Midwife): A midwife who is a registered nurse (RN) with advanced training in midwifery. CNMs are certified by the American Midwifery Certification Board and are licensed to practice in all 50 states. They can attend births in hospitals, birth centers, or homes (depending on the state) and often work within medical systems. CNMs can prescribe medications and provide a full range of women's health care services, including prenatal care, birth, postpartum care, and general gynecology.
Colostrum: The first form of milk your body produces, usually starting in late pregnancy and continuing for a few days after birth. It’s thick, yellowish, and packed with nutrients and antibodies that help protect a newborn from illness.
Even in small amounts, colostrum is incredibly beneficial—it’s easy for the baby to digest and helps get their digestive system working by acting as a natural laxative to clear out meconium (the baby’s first poop). It gradually transitions into mature breast milk a few days after birth.
Complete Breech: A type of breech position where the baby is bottom-down with both hips and knees flexed—meaning the legs are bent and the feet are tucked in close to the bottom, like a cross-legged or squatting position. The baby’s bottom is positioned to come out first.
This type of breech is less common than frank breech.
Conception: Conception is the moment when a sperm cell fertilizes an egg, creating a single new cell called a zygote.
This is the very beginning of pregnancy. After fertilization, the zygote begins dividing and traveling down the fallopian tube toward the uterus, where it may implant in the lining and continue developing.
Conception typically happens around the time of ovulation, though it can take several days for implantation to occur and for pregnancy to be detectable.
Contact Nap: When a baby naps while in direct physical contact with a parent or caregiver—like sleeping on your chest, in your arms, or while being worn in a carrier.
It’s especially common in the early months when babies feel most secure close to you.
Contact naps can help babies sleep longer and more peacefully, and they support bonding, regulation, and even milk supply if you’re breastfeeding. While they’re not always convenient, they’re completely normal—and often exactly what a baby needs.
Continuous Monitoring: A method of tracking the baby’s heart rate and the birthing person’s contractions throughout labor, usually using electronic sensors placed on the belly. These sensors send information to a machine that displays the heart rate and contraction pattern in real time.
Continuous monitoring is often used in hospital births when certain risk factors are present or after interventions like an epidural or induction. While it can provide useful information, it may also limit movement, which can affect comfort and labor progress. Some providers and birth settings offer intermittent monitoring as an alternative.
Contraction: A tightening and releasing of the uterus that helps move the baby downward and open the cervix during labor.
Contractions can feel like strong menstrual cramps, pressure, or a wave of tightening across the belly and back. They usually come and go in a pattern, getting stronger, longer, and closer together as labor progresses.
Some contractions can also happen during pregnancy, like Braxton Hicks, which are practice contractions and not part of active labor.
Cord Prolapse: A rare but serious situation where the umbilical cord slips into the birth canal ahead of the baby.
This can be dangerous because the cord can get compressed during contractions, cutting off the baby’s oxygen supply. It usually happens after the water breaks and is more likely if the baby isn’t well-engaged in the pelvis.
Cord prolapse typically requires immediate medical attention, often an emergency cesarean, to keep the baby safe.
Cortisol: Cortisol is a hormone your body makes in response to stress. It’s often called the “stress hormone,” but it actually plays many important roles—like helping to regulate blood sugar, support metabolism, reduce inflammation, and manage your sleep-wake cycle.
In pregnancy and birth, cortisol shows up in some interesting ways. Chronic high cortisol levels (from ongoing stress) can have negative effects, but short bursts of cortisol at the right times can actually help labor progress and prepare baby for life outside the womb.
In late pregnancy, rising cortisol levels in both mama and baby help signal that labor is approaching. During labor, a healthy amount of cortisol can support your body’s ability to cope, stay alert, and adapt. It also helps mature baby’s lungs and gets them ready for that first breath.
Like with adrenaline, too much cortisol too early can interfere with labor, so creating a calm, safe environment and addressing stress is one way to support a smoother birth experience.
Co-Sleeping: A general term that means sleeping in close proximity to your baby—usually in the same room, and sometimes on the same sleep surface.
There are different types of co-sleeping, including room-sharing (baby sleeps in a separate bassinet or crib in the same room) and bed-sharing (baby sleeps in the same bed as the parent).
Co-sleeping is common around the world and can support bonding and breastfeeding, but safety is key—especially when bed-sharing. It’s important to research safe sleep guidelines and make choices that feel right for your family, based on your setup, habits, and baby’s needs.
Counter-Pressure: A hands-on comfort technique used during labor where steady pressure is applied to the lower back, hips, or other areas feeling tension or pain. It’s especially helpful during back labor and is often done by a husband, doula, or support person.
The pressure can help reduce the sensation of pain, offer a feeling of relief during contractions, and give the birthing person something to focus on. It can be applied with hands, a tennis ball, or even a firm object like a rolling pin.
CPM (Certified Professional Midwife): A midwife certified by the North American Registry of Midwives (NARM). CPMs are specifically trained to attend out-of-hospital births, such as home or birth center births. Their certification is nationally recognized, but licensing and legal status vary by state.
Cradle cap: A common, harmless skin condition in newborns and young babies that shows up as yellow, greasy, or flaky patches on the scalp. It might look a little crusty or scaly, but it usually doesn’t bother the baby and isn’t itchy or painful.
Cradle cap is thought to be caused by hormones passed from mama to baby before birth, which can lead to extra oil production in the skin. It often clears up on its own—sometimes within a few weeks, and sometimes it sticks around for several months to a year.
If you’d like to gently help it along, you can use a soft baby brush or a bit of oil to loosen the flakes before washing baby’s hair. But it’s nothing to panic about—it’s very common and doesn’t mean anything is wrong.
Crowning: The moment during birth when the baby’s head becomes visible at the vaginal opening and stays there between pushes, rather than slipping back in. It’s often described as a stretching or burning sensation as the widest part of the baby’s head moves through.
Crowning means birth is very close—once the head is out, the rest of the body usually follows within a few more contractions.
Cycle: Refers to the menstrual cycle—the monthly hormonal rhythm that prepares the body for a possible pregnancy. A full cycle begins on the first day of a period and ends the day before the next one starts. The average cycle is about 28 days, but it can be shorter or longer depending on the person.
The cycle has several phases:
Menstruation: when the uterine lining sheds (your period)
Follicular phase: when an egg starts maturing in the ovary
Ovulation: when the egg is released and can be fertilized
Luteal phase: when the body waits to see if pregnancy happens
If the egg isn’t fertilized, hormone levels drop and a new cycle begins. The cycle is a key part of fertility, hormonal health, and overall well-being.
D
D&C (Dilation & Curettage): Stands for dilation and curettage—a medical procedure where the cervix is gently opened (dilated) and a thin instrument is used to remove tissue from the inside of the uterus. The word curettage refers to the process of scraping or gently removing that tissue, usually with a tool called a curette.
A D&C may be done after a miscarriage, to diagnose or treat certain uterine conditions, or to remove tissue that didn’t fully pass on its own. It’s typically a short outpatient procedure done under anesthesia or sedation. While the physical recovery is often quick, especially after pregnancy loss, emotional healing can take longer—and both deserve care and support.
Delayed Cord Clamping: The practice of waiting to cut the umbilical cord after birth to allow more blood to transfer from the placenta to the baby. This can provide benefits like increased iron stores and better oxygen levels.
Delayed cord clamping can last a few minutes, until the cord stops pulsating, or even longer—sometimes an hour or more—depending on the mother's preference and the birth setting. It’s commonly supported in both home and hospital births unless there’s a medical reason to cut the cord sooner.
Delivery: The moment when the baby is born and comes out of the womb—either through the vagina or by cesarean section. It’s the final step after labor, when all the work brings baby into the world.
Diastasis recti: This is when the muscles in your belly—specifically the two long muscles that run down the front (often called your “six-pack” muscles)—pull apart during pregnancy. There’s a strip of connective tissue between them, and as your belly grows, that tissue stretches to make space for baby. Sometimes after birth, those muscles don’t come all the way back together, and a gap remains down the center of your abdomen.
You might notice a bulge, doming, or softness in that area when you sit up, stand, or use your core. It’s very common and can happen to anyone, especially if you’ve had more than one pregnancy, are carrying multiples, have had a big baby or have a smaller frame.
It’s not dangerous, but it can contribute to lower back pain, poor posture, or core weakness if it isn’t supported. The good news is that with gentle, targeted exercises—and sometimes help from a pelvic floor therapist—it often improves or fully heals.
Dilation: Refers to how much the cervix has opened to allow the baby to pass through during birth. It’s measured in centimeters from 0 (completely closed) to 10 (fully open). Dilation usually happens gradually during labor and can speed up or slow down at different points. Reaching full dilation is one of the key signs that the body is ready for the pushing stage.
Doppler: A Doppler is a handheld device that uses ultrasound waves to detect and amplify your baby’s heartbeat during pregnancy. It’s commonly used by midwives and doctors, especially in prenatal appointments, to give you a quick listen to how baby is doing.
Unlike a fetoscope, which relies on sound alone, a Doppler sends sound waves through your belly and picks up the movement of the baby’s heart, then translates that into the familiar galloping or thumping sound. It can usually pick up a heartbeat as early as 10 to 12 weeks, though it depends on baby’s position and other factors.
Some mamas choose to use a Doppler at home for reassurance, while others prefer to skip it altogether. It’s helpful to know that Dopplers use ultrasound, so if you're more naturally minded, you may want to research how often you're comfortable using it and weigh the benefits against any concerns you have.
It’s named after the Doppler effect, which is a scientific principle about how sound waves change depending on movement—like how an ambulance siren sounds different as it passes by. That same principle is used in the device to detect motion, like your baby’s heartbeat.
Doula: A trained support person who provides physical, emotional, and informational support during pregnancy, labor, and postpartum.
Unlike a medical provider, a doula doesn’t deliver the baby or provide clinical care, but they stay by your side to offer comfort measures, help with decision-making, and support both you and your partner throughout the experience.
Many people find that having a doula improves their sense of confidence, calm, and satisfaction with their birth.
Dream feed: A dream feed is when you gently feed your baby while they’re still mostly asleep, late in the evening, before you head to bed. The goal is to fill their belly enough that they sleep a longer stretch and (hopefully) don’t wake up hungry right after you’ve fallen asleep.
It’s called a “dream” feed because the baby stays drowsy or asleep through the feeding. Some mamas swear by it, while others find it doesn’t change much. Like most things in parenting, it depends on your baby—and what works for you.
Dropping: This is the common term for when your baby settles lower into your pelvis in preparation for birth. It’s also called “lightening” because some mamas feel like they can breathe easier once the baby moves down and puts less pressure on the diaphragm.
Dropping usually happens a few weeks before labor in first-time pregnancies, but it can happen much later—or even during labor itself—if you’ve given birth before. You might notice more pressure in your hips or pelvis, a change in how you walk, or the need to pee more often. It’s one of the signs that your body is slowly getting ready, but on its own, it doesn’t necessarily mean labor is right around the corner.
E
Early Labor: The first phase of labor, when contractions begin and the cervix starts to open from 0 to around 6 centimeters. Contractions in early labor are usually mild to moderate, irregular or spaced out, and can last for hours—or even longer—before active labor begins.
It’s often a good time to rest, eat, stay hydrated, and find comfort, since things are still just getting started. Some people don’t even realize they’re in early labor right away because the sensations can be subtle.
Eclampsia: A rare but serious complication of pregnancy that involves seizures in a mama who has preeclampsia (a condition marked by high blood pressure and signs of organ stress). It can happen during pregnancy, labor, or after birth and may also include symptoms like confusion, vision changes, or loss of consciousness.
Eclampsia requires immediate medical attention to protect both the mama and baby. While it’s uncommon, being aware of and managing preeclampsia early can reduce the chances of it developing into eclampsia.
Ectopic Pregnancy: A type of pregnancy that occurs when a fertilized egg implants somewhere outside the uterus—most often in a fallopian tube.
Since the fallopian tubes aren’t designed to support a growing pregnancy, an ectopic pregnancy can’t continue and may become dangerous if not treated.
Common signs include sharp abdominal pain, bleeding, or dizziness, especially in the early weeks.
While it can be upsetting, an ectopic pregnancy is not caused by anything the mama did or didn’t do, and medical care is needed to treat it safely.
EDD (Estimated Due Date): Stands for estimated due date—the predicted date when a baby is expected to be born, usually calculated as 40 weeks from the first day of the last menstrual period.
It’s just an estimate, not a deadline, and only about 5% of babies are actually born on that exact day. Many babies arrive within a week or two on either side, and healthy full-term birth can happen anytime between 37 and 42 weeks.
Edema: Swelling caused by extra fluid building up in the body, which is especially common during pregnancy.
It often shows up in the feet, ankles, hands, or face—especially later in pregnancy or after standing or sitting for long periods.
Some swelling is totally normal, but sudden or severe swelling (especially in the face or hands) can be a sign of something more serious, like preeclampsia. It’s always a good idea to mention it to your provider if you’re unsure.
Effacement: Refers to the thinning and shortening of the cervix in preparation for birth. It’s described as a percentage—0% means no thinning has happened yet, while 100% means the cervix is fully thinned out and ready for delivery.
Effacement usually happens along with dilation, though the order and timing can vary from person to person. As the cervix effaces, it becomes softer and blends more smoothly with the lower part of the uterus to allow the baby to move down.
Egg: The female reproductive cell, also called an ovum, that carries half of the genetic material needed to create a baby.
Each month during ovulation, one egg is usually released from an ovary and travels down the fallopian tube. If it meets sperm and is fertilized, it can become a zygote and begin the process of pregnancy.
If not fertilized, the egg is shed with the uterine lining during a menstrual period. Mamas are born with all the eggs they’ll ever have.
Embryo: The early stage of human development that starts right after fertilization and lasts through the first 8 weeks of pregnancy. During this time, the basic structures of the body and all major organs begin to form.
Although still very small, the embryo is rapidly growing and laying the groundwork for what will become a fully developed baby. After 8 weeks, the developing baby is typically referred to as a fetus.
Endometrium: The endometrium is the inner lining of the uterus.
Each month, it thickens to prepare for a possible pregnancy. If a fertilized egg implants, the endometrium helps nourish and support it as it begins to grow. If no pregnancy occurs, the endometrium is shed during menstruation.
During early pregnancy, it plays a key role in supporting the baby until the placenta takes over.
Endorphins: Natural chemicals made by your body that help relieve pain and boost feelings of well-being. They’re often called “feel-good” hormones because they can create a sense of calm, reduce stress, and even bring on a mild euphoric feeling—kind of like your body’s own painkiller.
During labor, your body releases endorphins to help you cope with contractions. The more relaxed and supported you feel, the more endorphins your body can make, which can actually help make labor feel more manageable.
Engagement: When the baby’s head moves down into the pelvis and settles into position for birth. This is sometimes called “lightening” because it can make breathing easier as pressure shifts away from the diaphragm.
Engagement usually happens in the last few weeks of pregnancy for first-time parents, but it may not occur until labor begins for those who’ve had a baby before. It’s a sign that the baby is getting ready, but not necessarily that labor is right around the corner.
Engorgement: When the breasts become overly full, firm, and sometimes painful due to a buildup of milk and fluids. This often happens a few days after birth when the milk comes in, or anytime milk isn’t removed often enough.
Engorgement can make it harder for the baby to latch and may feel uncomfortable or even hot and swollen. Relief can come from nursing frequently, using gentle massage, applying cold or warm compresses, or hand expressing just enough milk to soften the breast. It usually improves once feeding becomes more regular and the milk supply balances out.
Epidural: A form of pain relief used during labor that involves placing medication through a small tube into the lower back, near the spinal nerves. It works by numbing the lower part of the body while keeping the person awake and aware. An epidural is typically given by an anesthesiologist and usually takes about 10 to 20 minutes to take effect.
While it often provides strong pain relief, it doesn’t work 100% of the time. In some cases, it may only numb one side of the body, leave certain areas with sensation, or wear off unevenly. Adjustments can sometimes help, but not always. An epidural also requires additional monitoring, IV fluids, and often limits movement during labor.
Episiotomy: A surgical cut made in the perineum (the area between the vagina and anus) during the pushing stage of labor to help widen the vaginal opening. It’s usually done if the provider believes it’s necessary for a quicker delivery—for example, in cases of fetal distress or complicated births.
Episiotomies used to be routine but are now done less often, as research has shown that natural tearing may heal better in many cases. If one is performed, stitches are used to repair the area after birth.
Estrogen: A key hormone in the female reproductive system that plays a major role in the menstrual cycle, fertility, and pregnancy.
During pregnancy, estrogen helps the uterus grow, supports the development of the placenta, increases blood flow, and prepares the breasts for milk production. Levels rise steadily throughout pregnancy and contribute to many of the physical and emotional changes mamas experience, such as increased skin sensitivity, mood shifts, and breast tenderness.
Express: To remove milk from the breast, either by hand or with a pump. Milk can be expressed to feed a baby later, relieve fullness, manage supply, or store for future use.
External cephalic version (ECV): This is a hands-on procedure that’s sometimes offered late in pregnancy—usually around 37 weeks—when a baby is in a breech position (bottom or feet down). It’s typically suggested in hospital settings where providers may be less comfortable with breech vaginal births. A provider places their hands on your belly and gently tries to turn the baby into a head-down position from the outside.
The word cephalic means “head,” and version means “to turn”—so it literally means turning the baby so the head is down.
It’s usually done in a hospital, often with ultrasound guidance and sometimes medication to help relax the uterus. Some mamas find it uncomfortable or intense; others don’t. It doesn’t always work, but when it does, baby ends up in a position that many medical providers consider more straightforward for labor.
There are risks involved with this procedure, so it’s important to ask lots of questions, do your research, and take all factors into account before deciding if it’s the right choice for you and your baby.
F
Failure to Progress: A general term used when labor isn’t moving along as quickly as expected—like when the cervix stops dilating, contractions slow down, or the baby isn’t descending.
It doesn’t have a clear or consistent definition, and what qualifies as “not progressing” can vary from one provider to another.
The truth is, labor naturally speeds up and slows down, and no two births are exactly alike. Sometimes the body pauses because the mama needs rest, or the baby needs more time before making their way out.
While there are definitely times when medical intervention is truly needed, it’s also okay to ask questions, trust your instincts, and seek clarity before accepting this label. Understanding what’s really going on—and whether mama and baby are doing well—can help guide what to do next.
Failure to Thrive: A term used when a baby or child isn’t gaining weight or growing as expected. It can be caused by many things—like feeding challenges, underlying medical issues, or sometimes just a slower growth pattern that still falls within the range of normal.
While the term can sound alarming, it’s not a reason to panic without getting more information. Often, it’s simply a signal to look a little deeper and see if any support or adjustments are needed.
If this label comes up, it’s okay to ask questions, trust your instincts, and even seek a second opinion. This term is sometimes used quickly or in ways that can feel scary, so taking time to understand what’s really going on can help you make confident decisions for your baby.
Fallopian Tubes: Two thin tubes that connect the ovaries to the uterus.
Each month during ovulation, an egg is released from one of the ovaries and travels through a fallopian tube toward the uterus. Fertilization usually happens inside one of the tubes if sperm is present. From there, the fertilized egg continues its journey to the uterus to implant and begin pregnancy.
Fallopian tubes play a key role in the early part of conception.
FER (Fetal Ejection Reflex): A natural, involuntary response during labor where the body pushes the baby out without conscious effort. It’s usually triggered when the baby is well-aligned, the cervix is fully dilated, and the birthing person feels safe, undisturbed, and supported.
The reflex can feel like an overwhelming urge to push, and the body often does so powerfully on its own. FER is more commonly experienced in unmedicated or low-intervention births, but not everyone feels it the same way.
Ferguson reflex: The Ferguson reflex is a natural, automatic response that happens during labor. When the baby’s head presses down on the cervix, nerves in that area send a signal to the brain. In response, the brain releases a hormone called oxytocin, which causes the uterus to contract more strongly and rhythmically. The more pressure from the baby, the more oxytocin is released—creating a cycle that helps labor progress.
This reflex was first described by Dr. James Ferguson, an American physiologist, in the 1940s.
The reflex works best when mama feels safe, calm, and undisturbed. Upright positions, gentle movement, and a peaceful birth space can all help support the body’s natural rhythm.
Fertility: The natural ability to get pregnant and have a baby. When someone is fertile, it means their body is able to conceive and carry a pregnancy.
Fertility can be influenced by many factors, like age, hormones, health conditions, lifestyle, and even stress. For women, it often relates to things like ovulation (releasing an egg each month) and regular menstrual cycles. For men, it usually involves healthy sperm.
If someone is having trouble getting pregnant, they may explore their fertility health to understand what might be going on and whether support or treatment is needed.
Fetal: Refers to anything related to a fetus, which is the term used for a baby developing in the womb after the first 8 weeks of pregnancy and up until birth.
For example:
Fetal heartbeat means the baby’s heartbeat in the womb.
Fetal position describes the curled-up posture often seen in unborn babies.
Fetal development refers to how the baby grows and changes during pregnancy.
Fetal Distress: A term used when a baby shows signs of not handling labor well, often due to reduced oxygen. It’s usually identified by changes in the baby’s heart rate pattern, either too fast, too slow, or irregular.
Providers may respond with position changes, oxygen for the mama, fluids, or other interventions to help improve the baby’s condition.
If the distress continues or worsens, it may lead to a decision for a faster delivery, such as with vacuum assistance or a cesarean birth.
Fetal monitoring: This is how providers keep track of your baby’s heart rate during labor—or sometimes even late in pregnancy—to get a sense of how baby is doing. The idea is to see how baby responds to contractions or stress, and whether labor is progressing in a way that seems safe.
There are two main types. Intermittent monitoring is typically done with a handheld Doppler or fetoscope at regular intervals and allows for more freedom to move, change positions, and labor naturally. Continuous monitoring usually involves being strapped to machines with belts around your belly that track your baby’s heart rate and contractions nonstop, which can limit movement and may increase the chance of interventions.
Monitoring can be useful, but it’s not always necessary for every mama or every birth. It’s worth learning about the options, what the evidence says, and what’s truly needed in your situation so you can decide what feels right for you and your baby.
Fetoscope: A fetoscope is a tool used to listen to a baby’s heartbeat during pregnancy. It works kind of like a stethoscope but is specially designed to pick up the softer sounds of a fetal heartbeat through the mama’s belly.
Fetoscopes are often used by midwives, especially in home birth or birth center settings, because they’re completely safe, don’t use ultrasound or batteries, and are simple and low-tech. Most of the time, the heartbeat can be heard with a fetoscope starting around 18 to 20 weeks, depending on the baby’s position and other factors.
Many mamas appreciate the quiet, natural feel of using a fetoscope—it’s just you, your care provider, and the sound of that little heartbeat.
Fetus: The term used for a developing baby in the womb from around 8 weeks of pregnancy until birth. By this stage, all major organs and body systems have begun forming, and the baby continues to grow, mature, and gain weight.
The term fetus is used to describe this phase of development, following the embryo stage and continuing until delivery.
5-1-1 Rule: A general guideline sometimes used to help figure out when labor might be getting more active.
It means contractions are coming every 5 minutes, lasting for at least 1 minute each, and this pattern has been going on for at least 1 hour.
While it can be helpful for some, it’s not a hard rule—every labor is different. Some mamas may feel the need to go in much sooner, and others may labor longer at home. It’s always a good idea to trust your instincts, pay attention to what your body is telling you, and stay in communication with your provider, since this rule isn’t always reliable for everyone.
Foley Balloon (or Catheter): A medical intervention sometimes used to help gently open the cervix before or during the start of labor. It involves placing a small, flexible tube through the cervix, with a balloon at the end. Once in place, the balloon is filled with sterile water, putting steady pressure on the cervix to encourage it to soften and dilate.
This is considered a mechanical method of induction, meaning it uses physical pressure rather than medication. The balloon usually falls out on its own once the cervix has opened enough—often around 3 to 4 centimeters.
Follicle: A small fluid-filled sac in the ovary that holds an immature egg. Each month during the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle, several follicles begin to develop, but usually only one becomes dominant and fully matures. When the egg is ready, the follicle bursts and releases it during ovulation.
Follicles also play a role in hormone production, especially estrogen, which helps prepare the body for a possible pregnancy. The health and development of follicles are important for regular cycles and fertility.
Follicular Phase: The first half of the menstrual cycle, starting on the first day of your period and ending with ovulation. During the follicular phase, the body prepares for the possibility of pregnancy. Hormones signal the ovaries to start maturing several follicles, each containing an egg. Usually, one follicle becomes dominant and continues to grow while the uterine lining also begins to thicken in preparation for a potential fertilized egg.
This phase can vary in length from person to person and even cycle to cycle, especially if periods are irregular. It plays a key role in fertility and overall hormonal balance.
Fontanelles: The soft spots on a newborn baby’s head where the bones of the skull haven’t fully fused yet. These soft areas allow the baby’s head to mold slightly during birth and give the brain room to grow during the first year of life.
There are a few fontanelles, but the most noticeable one is at the top of the head (the anterior fontanelle). These spots gradually close as the baby grows, usually by around 18 months. They’re protected by a tough membrane beneath the skin.
Footling Breech: A type of breech position where one or both of the baby’s feet are positioned to come out first. The legs are extended downward, so instead of the bottom being the presenting part, a foot (or feet) is closest to the birth canal.
This is the least common type of breech position and is more likely when the baby is smaller or still has room to move.
Forceps: A medical tool shaped like large tongs or curved spoons, used to help guide the baby out during the pushing stage of birth.
Forceps are placed around the baby’s head and used gently to assist with delivery, usually when labor isn’t progressing or if the baby needs to be born quickly due to concerns like fetal distress.
This type of assisted delivery is more common in hospital settings and typically requires an epidural or other pain relief. While it can be effective, it also carries some risks for both mama and baby, so it’s used selectively when medically indicated.
Foremilk: This is the milk that comes out at the beginning of a feeding. It’s thinner and more watery, and it’s packed with lactose (milk sugar), which gives your baby quick energy and helps with hydration.
As the feeding continues, the milk naturally shifts to become richer and higher in fat (that’s called hindmilk). But you don’t need to overthink it—your body knows what your baby needs and adjusts the milk accordingly. Just let baby feed, and your milk will do the rest.
Formula: A manufactured substitute for breast milk that provides nutrients babies need to grow.
While many formulas are made from processed cow’s milk, there are also goat’s milk versions, plant-based options, and specialty types for babies with allergies or other needs. Not all formulas are created equal—ingredients can vary a lot—so it’s worth reading labels, asking questions, and doing your research to find one that feels right for you and your baby.
Some mamas use formula by necessity, others by choice. Whatever the reason, it’s one of the tools available to help nourish your little one.
Fourth Trimester: This is a somewhat humorous term (“tri-” means three, so having a fourth trimester is a bit silly).
It’s used to refer to the first three months after birth—a crucial time of adjustment for both the baby and the mother.
For the baby, it’s about slowly adapting to life outside the womb: learning to sleep, eat, and be comforted in a new environment. For the mother, it’s a time of physical healing, emotional shifts, hormone changes, and learning how to care for a newborn—often while running on very little sleep.
Though not officially recognized as part of pregnancy, the fourth trimester is a real and important phase that deserves just as much attention and support as pregnancy and birth.
Frank Breech: A type of breech position where the baby is bottom-down, with legs extended straight up in front of the body and feet near the head. The baby’s hips are flexed and knees are straight, so the bottom is positioned to come out first.
This is the most common type of breech position.
Free Birth: When a mama chooses to give birth without the presence of any medical professionals or licensed care providers.
Also called unassisted birth, this approach is typically planned and done at home, with or without support from a partner, friend, or doula. Those who choose free birth often do so out of a belief in trusting the natural process, wanting privacy, or having had past negative experiences in medical settings.
It’s distinct from an emergency birth without a provider, as free birth is usually a deliberate choice.
Full-Term: Refers to the stage of pregnancy between 37 and 42 weeks, when a baby is considered fully developed and ready for birth. Full term is often broken down into more specific ranges:
Early term: 37 weeks through 38 weeks, 6 days
Full term: 39 weeks through 40 weeks, 6 days
Late term: 41 weeks through 41 weeks, 6 days
Post-term: 42 weeks and beyond
Babies born during this window typically have the best outcomes in terms of breathing, feeding, and temperature regulation.
Fundal Height: A measurement used during pregnancy to estimate how the baby is growing. It’s the distance from the top of the uterus (called the fundus) to the pubic bone, measured in centimeters.
Starting around 20 weeks, the fundal height often matches the number of weeks pregnant—for example, at 28 weeks, the fundal height might be about 28 centimeters.
While it’s not exact, it can help track growth and detect possible concerns, like too much or too little amniotic fluid or unusual baby positioning.
Fundal Massage: A hands-on technique used after birth to help the uterus contract and reduce bleeding. It involves gently but firmly massaging the top of the uterus (the fundus) through the belly.
This helps the uterus clamp down, which can prevent or control postpartum hemorrhage. It’s commonly done by a provider in the first hour or two after birth and may be repeated if bleeding increases. While often uncomfortable, it can help in supporting recovery right after delivery.
Fundus: The top portion of the uterus, furthest from the cervix.
During pregnancy, the fundus rises as the baby grows and can be felt through the belly to help estimate how far along the pregnancy is.
After birth, the fundus is checked to make sure the uterus is contracting properly, since a firm, well-positioned fundus helps reduce bleeding. Its position and firmness give important clues about how the body is recovering.
G
GBS (Group B Streptococcus): A type of bacteria that naturally lives in the body—often in the vagina or rectum—without causing symptoms or harm. Around 36–37 weeks, many providers offer a swab test to check if you’re “GBS positive.” If you are, the standard hospital recommendation is IV antibiotics during labor to reduce the already low risk of passing the bacteria to your baby.
Even if you test positive, the chances of your baby developing a GBS infection are quite low—only about 1 to 2 out of 100 babies will be affected without antibiotics. GBS status can also change from week to week, so a positive result doesn’t necessarily mean you’ll still be positive at birth.
Antibiotics can be helpful when truly needed, but they also wipe out good bacteria—which play an important role for both mama and baby, especially as baby moves through the birth canal and begins developing their microbiome. Like with any prenatal test or treatment, you have the right to ask questions, weigh the pros and cons, and choose the approach that feels right for you.
Genetic Testing: A type of testing offered during pregnancy to look for possible genetic or chromosomal conditions in the baby, like Down syndrome or certain inherited disorders.
Some tests are simple blood draws that estimate your baby’s risk for certain conditions, while others are more in-depth and can give clearer answers.
It’s important to know that these tests aren’t always spot-on—screening tests in particular can give false positives or false negatives, so results don’t always mean something is definitely wrong (or definitely not).
These tests are completely optional. As with all testing and medical procedures, you’re in charge—you have the right to ask questions, get the full picture, and make decisions based on what feels best for you after weighing the pros, cons, and how the results might affect your pregnancy journey.
Geriatric Pregnancy: A term historically used to describe a pregnancy in someone 35 or older—though many now prefer terms like “advanced maternal age” instead. The label comes from a time when data was more limited, but today, plenty of mamas in their mid-30s and beyond have healthy, uncomplicated pregnancies and births.
Being 35 or older doesn’t automatically mean something is wrong or that your pregnancy is high-risk. It’s simply a reminder to be aware, get informed, and work with a provider who takes your whole health picture into account—not just your age. Like with any pregnancy, it’s wise to learn about your own unique situation, ask questions, and choose care that supports your values and goals.
Gestation: the period of time a baby grows and develops in the womb, from conception to birth. For humans, a full-term gestation is usually around 40 weeks, counted from the first day of the mother’s last menstrual period.
You might hear phrases like:
“She’s at 30 weeks gestation” – meaning she’s 30 weeks into her pregnancy.
“Gestational age” – refers to how far along the pregnancy is, usually measured in weeks.
It’s just a more clinical way of talking about how long a baby has been developing before birth.
Gestational Age: The age of the pregnancy measured from the first day of your last menstrual period (not from the date of conception).
It’s how providers estimate how far along you are and when your due date might be. For example, if you're 20 weeks pregnant, that means it's been about 20 weeks since your last period—not necessarily 20 weeks since you conceived.
This method isn’t exact, but it’s the standard way pregnancy is dated in most medical settings.
Gestational Diabetes: A type of diabetes that develops during pregnancy, usually in the second or third trimester. It means the body isn’t processing sugar as effectively, leading to higher blood sugar levels.
Most often, it goes away after birth, but it does require monitoring during pregnancy to help protect both mama and baby. Management can include changes in diet, exercise, checking blood sugar levels, and sometimes medication.
With proper care, most mamas with gestational diabetes go on to have healthy pregnancies and babies.
Glucose Tolerance Test (also called a glucose screening, glucose challenge test, or GTT): A test commonly offered during routine prenatal care—usually between 24 and 28 weeks—to see how your body processes sugar and to screen for gestational diabetes. It typically involves drinking a very sweet drink (often called “the glucose drink”), followed by a blood draw after a set amount of time. If your blood sugar is higher than expected, a longer version of the test may be recommended.
While this is a standard test in most medical settings, it’s not mandatory. Some mamas choose to use a cleaner version of the drink, and others may opt out of the test altogether or simply track their blood sugar at home with finger pricks after meals.
If there are concerns about gestational diabetes, there are multiple ways to monitor and address it. You always have the right to ask questions, explore alternatives, and choose the option that feels best for you.
Golden Hour: The first hour after birth, when uninterrupted skin-to-skin contact between mama and baby is encouraged. This time is considered especially important for bonding, regulating the baby’s temperature and breathing, encouraging early breastfeeding, and supporting hormone flow for both mama and baby.
The golden hour is often protected as a quiet, low-intervention period whenever possible, allowing the new family to connect and adjust in a calm, undisturbed way.
Grasp reflex (Palmar reflex): When you place your finger or a small object in a newborn’s palm, their fingers will automatically close around it. It’s an instinctive little grip that’s surprisingly strong for such tiny hands!
This reflex is one of those sweet early signs of connection between baby and caregiver. It usually fades by around 5 to 6 months of age as babies start to develop more voluntary control of their movements.
Gynecologist: A doctor who focuses on the female reproductive system, including the uterus, ovaries, cervix, and vagina.
They handle things like annual exams, birth control, menstrual problems, and reproductive health concerns.
Some gynecologists are also trained in obstetrics, which is the branch of medicine that deals with pregnancy, labor, and birth. A doctor trained in both is called an OB-GYN, and they can care for you through pregnancy and delivery as well as general reproductive health.
H
Hand Expression: A way of manually expressing breast milk using only your hands—no pump needed. It involves gently massaging and compressing the breast to encourage milk flow, and can be especially useful in the early days after birth when only small amounts of colostrum are present.
It’s also helpful for relieving engorgement, softening the breast to help baby latch, or collecting milk when a pump isn’t available. With practice, many mamas find it to be an effective, gentle, and convenient option for expressing milk.
hCG (Human Chorionic Gonadotropin): A hormone produced during pregnancy, starting shortly after the embryo attaches to the uterine lining. It’s what pregnancy tests detect—both the pee-on-a-stick kind and the blood test.
In early pregnancy, hCG levels usually rise quickly, and some providers use blood tests to track how those levels are increasing to check if the pregnancy is progressing as expected. Levels vary widely from one person to another, so a single number isn’t usually as important as how the numbers are changing over time.
Hemorrhage: Excessive bleeding, usually referring to more blood loss than is considered normal during or after birth.
Some bleeding is expected after having a baby—especially in the first few days—but a hemorrhage means the body is losing blood too quickly, which can become dangerous if not managed. It most commonly happens right after the baby is born, often because the uterus isn’t contracting well, but it can also happen later in the postpartum period.
Signs might include soaking through large pads quickly, passing large clots, or feeling weak, dizzy, or lightheaded. If something feels off or bleeding seems heavy, it’s always wise to reach out to your care provider.
High-risk: A term used by some providers to describe pregnancies or births that may need extra attention due to certain factors—like age, a previous cesarean, multiples, breech position, or specific health conditions. While “high-risk” can sound concerning, it doesn’t always mean something is wrong or that complications will happen.
In many cases, what one provider considers high-risk may be seen as a variation of normal by another—especially those with more experience or a different approach to care. If you’re told you’re high-risk, it’s a good idea to learn more about the specific concern, look into the latest evidence, and seek out providers who are experienced with your situation and who align with your birthing philosophy. With the right support and understanding, many mamas have healthy, positive outcomes even with a high-risk label.
Hindmilk: This is the milk that comes later in a feeding. It’s creamier and higher in fat than the milk at the beginning (called foremilk), and it helps keep your baby full and satisfied.
Your body naturally shifts from foremilk to hindmilk during a feeding, and both are important. There’s no need to time it or manage it—your body knows how to provide the right balance as your baby feeds.
Hormones: chemical messengers made by glands in your body. They travel through your bloodstream and tell different parts of your body what to do and when to do it. Hormones control all kinds of important things like growth, metabolism, mood, stress, and reproduction.
In pregnancy and birth, hormones play a huge role. For example:
Progesterone helps support early pregnancy.
Oxytocin triggers labor contractions and helps with bonding.
Prolactin helps your body make breastmilk.
Even small shifts in hormone levels can have big effects—which is why pregnancy, labor, and postpartum often feel like such a wild ride physically and emotionally.
Hospital Transfer: When a mama planning a home or birth center birth moves to the hospital during labor or shortly after birth. Transfers can happen for a variety of reasons, such as prolonged labor, exhaustion, a need for pain relief, concerns about the baby’s well-being, or unexpected complications.
While most transfers are not emergencies, they are done out of an abundance of caution. Needing to transfer does not mean the birth was a failure—it's simply a shift in location to support the safest outcome for both mama and baby.
Hydranencephaly: A very rare condition where parts of a baby’s brain don’t develop as expected and are replaced by fluid-filled spaces. The word comes from “hydra” (meaning water) and “encephaly” (relating to the brain).
Hydranencephaly is estimated to occur in less than 1 in 10,000 births. Some babies with the condition may be born appearing healthy and showing normal reflexes at first, but it typically leads to significant developmental challenges. Life expectancy varies depending on the severity.
In many cases, the exact cause isn’t fully understood. It may be linked to a disruption in blood flow to the brain during development, or occasionally an infection or other event. Like many rare conditions, it often arises without warning and is not the result of anything a parent did or didn’t do. Families facing this diagnosis need clear information, compassionate support, and the time and space to process what’s ahead.
Hyperemesis Gravidarum (HG): A severe form of nausea and vomiting during pregnancy that goes far beyond typical morning sickness. It can lead to dehydration, weight loss, and trouble keeping down even small amounts of food or water.
Unlike regular morning sickness, which usually improves after the first trimester, hyperemesis often lasts longer and can make daily functioning really difficult.
If you're unable to keep anything down for more than a day or two, are losing weight, or feel weak or dizzy, it's worth talking to your provider—it could be HG, and there are ways to get help and relief.
Hypertension: A medical term for high blood pressure—when the force of the blood pushing against the walls of the arteries is consistently too high.
In pregnancy, it can be a concern because it puts extra strain on the heart and can affect the baby’s growth or the placenta’s function.
There are different types of hypertension in pregnancy, including chronic (existing before pregnancy), gestational (develops during pregnancy), and preeclampsia (high blood pressure with other symptoms like protein in the urine).
Monitoring and managing blood pressure is important, but a single high reading doesn’t necessarily mean there’s a serious problem—it’s usually about patterns over time.
Hypnobirthing: A method that uses guided relaxation, visualization, breathing techniques, and self-hypnosis with the aim of creating a calm and controlled birth experience.
While it is often presented as a gentle and empowering option, hypnosis is a psychological tool that can alter perception, influence thought patterns, and suppress natural responses to pain and instinct. Because of these effects, it carries potential risks and should not be used lightly—especially during a process as significant and physically intense as labor.
I
IBCLC (International Board Certified Lactation Consultant): Stands for International Board Certified Lactation Consultant—a professional who is specially trained and certified to help with breastfeeding and lactation.
IBCLCs support mamas with issues like latch difficulties, low milk supply, pain during nursing, pumping, and feeding plans for babies with special needs. They have clinical training and often work in hospitals, birth centers, or private practice.
Unlike other types of breastfeeding support, the IBCLC credential requires specific education, supervised hours, and passing a rigorous exam, making it the highest level of lactation certification.
Induction: The process of starting labor artificially, rather than waiting for it to begin on its own. Induction may be suggested for medical reasons or sometimes for scheduling convenience. There are several ways it can be done, including:
Using medication to soften or open the cervix
Breaking the water (artificial rupture of membranes)
Giving synthetic oxytocin (like Pitocin) to start contractions
Using a Foley balloon or other tools to gently open the cervix
Induction can lead to a longer or more intense labor, and it may increase the chances of needing other interventions. It’s something mamas may want to learn about ahead of time so they can make informed decisions if it comes up.
Infant: typically refers to a baby from birth up to one year old. This stage includes rapid growth and development—physically, emotionally, and cognitively. During infancy, babies begin bonding, feeding (whether by breast or bottle), and learning to interact with the world around them.
The first few months are often called the neonatal period (from birth to about 4 weeks), followed by what’s often called early infancy and late infancy as the baby grows and starts reaching milestones like smiling, rolling, sitting, and babbling.
Informed Consent: The idea that you have the right to understand and agree to any procedure, medication, or intervention before it happens.
It means someone explains what’s being recommended, why, what the risks and benefits are, and what your other options might be—including doing nothing.
True informed consent isn’t just signing a form—it’s having a real conversation, asking questions, and making the decision that feels right for you.
Insemination: Refers to the process of placing sperm into the reproductive tract to try to achieve pregnancy. This can happen naturally through sex or be done medically using a method like IUI (intrauterine insemination), where sperm is inserted directly into the uterus around the time of ovulation.
Insemination bypasses some of the early steps of conception, helping the sperm get closer to the egg. It’s one of the fertility options some families use when trying to conceive, whether due to timing challenges, sperm issues, or the use of donor sperm.
Intermittent Monitoring: A method of checking the baby’s heart rate at regular intervals during labor, rather than continuously. It’s usually done with a handheld Doppler or a fetoscope and may be used every 15 to 30 minutes, depending on the stage of labor and the setting.
Intermittent monitoring allows more freedom to move, change positions, and labor in water. It’s commonly used in home births, birth centers, and some hospital settings when labor is progressing normally and there are no known complications.
IUD (Intrauterine Device): Stands for intrauterine device—a small, T-shaped piece of plastic (sometimes with copper) that is placed inside the uterus to prevent pregnancy. There are two main types:
Hormonal IUDs release a small amount of progestin, which thickens cervical mucus and may stop ovulation.
Copper IUDs don’t contain hormones; the copper creates an environment that’s toxic to sperm.
IUDs are long-lasting (from 3 to 10 years depending on the type), reversible, and highly effective. They can be removed at any time if you decide you want to become pregnant. While many mamas find them to be a low-maintenance option, it’s important to know that altering hormone levels—even in small doses—can affect mood, cycles, or other areas of health. If you're considering a hormonal IUD, it's wise to research fully and understand how it may interact with your body.
IUGR (Intrauterine Growth Restriction): A term used when a baby is not growing as expected in the womb. It means the baby is smaller than they should be for their gestational age, often below the 10th percentile.
IUGR can happen for many reasons—like issues with the placenta, high blood pressure, or other medical conditions—but sometimes there’s no clear cause. It doesn’t always mean something is wrong, but it often leads to closer monitoring to make sure the baby is healthy and getting what they need.
Some babies are just naturally small, so it’s important to look at the full picture before making decisions.
IUI (Intrauterine Insemination): Stands for intrauterine insemination—a fertility procedure where sperm is placed directly into the uterus around the time of ovulation to increase the chances of pregnancy.
It’s often used when there are issues with sperm motility, unexplained infertility, or when using donor sperm. The process is usually quick and done in a medical setting, sometimes with medications to stimulate ovulation.
IUI is less invasive and less expensive than IVF, and for some couples or individuals, it’s a first step in fertility treatment. (See IVF.)
IVF (In Vitro Fertilization): Stands for in vitro fertilization—a fertility treatment where an egg is fertilized by sperm outside the body, and the resulting embryo is placed into the uterus. IVF can involve multiple steps, including hormone treatments, egg retrieval, lab fertilization, and embryo transfer. It's often used when other fertility options haven’t worked or when there are specific challenges like blocked fallopian tubes, low sperm count, or the use of donor eggs or sperm.
While IVF has helped many families conceive, it comes with potential risks and considerations, including physical side effects from medications, emotional and financial stress, higher chances of multiple pregnancy, and ongoing questions about long-term health outcomes. It’s a complex process that many mamas choose to research thoroughly before beginning.
J
Jaundice: A common condition in newborns where the skin and the whites of the eyes appear yellow. It’s caused by a buildup of bilirubin—a substance made when the body breaks down red blood cells.
Many babies have mild jaundice in the first few days after birth as their liver learns to process bilirubin more effectively. It often goes away on its own, but in some cases, treatment like phototherapy (light treatment) may be needed to help bring bilirubin levels down.
K
Kangaroo Care: A method of holding a newborn skin-to-skin, usually with the baby placed upright against the mama’s bare chest and covered with a blanket. It helps regulate the baby’s temperature, heart rate, and breathing, and supports bonding, breastfeeding, and emotional well-being for both mama and baby.
Kangaroo care is especially helpful for premature or low birth weight babies, but it’s beneficial for all newborns and can be practiced right after birth and throughout the early days and weeks.
Kick Count: A way to track your baby’s movements in the third trimester to make sure everything’s on track.
To do it, pick a time each day when your baby is usually active—often after a meal or when you’re lying down—and count how long it takes to feel 10 movements (kicks, rolls, flutters, or stretches). Most mamas feel 10 within about 2 hours, but many babies reach that number much sooner.
The goal isn’t a perfect number—it’s about learning what’s normal for your baby and paying attention if that pattern changes. If movements seem slower or weaker than usual, it’s a good idea to check in with your provider.
L
Labor: The process the body goes through to give birth, involving regular contractions that open (dilate) and thin (efface) the cervix so the baby can move through the birth canal. Labor is typically divided into stages: early labor, active labor, pushing (delivery of the baby), and delivery of the placenta.
It can begin naturally or be started with interventions, and it looks different for every mama in terms of timing, intensity, and experience.
Laborade: A homemade electrolyte drink made for sipping during labor to help keep energy up and hydration steady.
It usually includes ingredients like coconut water, lemon or lime juice, a pinch of salt, and a natural sweetener like honey or maple syrup.
Some mamas add things like magnesium or calcium powders for extra support. While its primary purpose is to support the body during labor, it’s also great for staying hydrated during pregnancy and while breastfeeding.
It’s a natural alternative to store-bought sports drinks (which are often made with excessive sugars and artificial colors and flavors) and can be a gentle, nourishing option anytime your body needs a boost.
Lactation: The process of producing and releasing milk from the breasts. It usually begins during pregnancy and becomes well established a few days after birth as hormones shift and milk transitions from colostrum to mature milk.
Lactation provides nourishment and immune support for the baby and can continue as long as milk is being removed regularly through nursing or pumping.
Lactation Consultant: A trained professional who helps mamas with breastfeeding and other aspects of lactation. They support with things like latch issues, milk supply concerns, pain while nursing, pumping, and feeding plans for babies with special needs. Some lactation consultants are certified at a basic level, while others hold the IBCLC credential, which is the highest level of certification. They can work in hospitals, clinics, or private practice and play an important role in helping families meet their feeding goals.
Lamaze: Lamaze is a childbirth education method focused on helping mamas approach birth with confidence and knowledge. It teaches practical tools for labor, including breathing techniques, relaxation, movement, and comfort measures, with the goal of reducing fear and supporting a more positive birth experience.
Lamaze classes also cover the stages of labor, common interventions, decision-making, and how partners can offer support. While often associated with patterned breathing, Lamaze today emphasizes evidence-based education and informed choice, rather than a strict method or routine.
Lanugo: A soft, fine layer of hair that covers a baby’s body while in the womb. It usually appears around the fourth or fifth month of pregnancy and helps protect the baby’s skin and hold the vernix (a creamy coating) in place.
Most babies shed lanugo before birth, but some—especially those born early—may still have patches of it when they’re born. It typically falls off on its own within the first few weeks after birth.
Latch: Refers to how the baby attaches to the breast during breastfeeding. A good latch helps the baby get enough milk and prevents nipple pain or damage for the mama. It involves the baby taking a large portion of the areola (not just the nipple) into their mouth, with their lips flanged out and chin touching the breast.
A deep, comfortable latch is key to effective and successful nursing, and small adjustments can make a big difference.
Let Down: The reflex that causes milk to flow from the milk ducts to the nipple, usually triggered by the baby sucking at the breast or sometimes by hearing a baby cry or thinking about nursing.
It can feel like tingling, pressure, or a sudden fullness in the breasts, though some mamas don’t feel it at all.
Let-down helps the baby get milk more easily during a feeding, and it can happen multiple times during a nursing session.
Lightening: When the baby drops lower into the pelvis in the final weeks of pregnancy, getting into position for birth. This shift can make breathing easier since there’s less pressure on the diaphragm, but it may also increase pressure on the bladder and pelvis.
Lightening can happen a few weeks before labor begins, especially for first-time mamas, or not until labor starts in those who’ve given birth before. It's one of the signs that the body is getting ready, though it doesn't mean labor is starting right away.
Lightning crotch: A nickname for the sharp, sudden, and often surprising zaps of pain some pregnant mamas feel low in the pelvis or vagina, usually in the third trimester. It’s called “lightning” because it feels like a quick, electric jolt—often out of nowhere.
It can happen when baby shifts position, presses on a nerve, or moves lower into the pelvis as the body prepares for birth. While it’s uncomfortable (and sometimes pretty startling!), it’s usually normal and just a quirky part of the body getting ready.
If the pain is constant, severe, or feels unusual, it’s always a good idea to reach out to your provider just to be safe.
Linea Nigra: A dark vertical line that can appear on the belly during pregnancy, usually running from the pubic bone up toward the belly button or even higher. It’s caused by hormonal changes that increase skin pigmentation and is completely normal.
The line is more noticeable in some mamas than others and typically fades on its own in the months after birth.
Lip Tie: When the piece of tissue connecting the upper lip to the gum (called the frenulum) is unusually tight, thick, or short.
This can make it hard for a baby to flare their lip properly while nursing, which may lead to a shallow latch, gassiness, or discomfort during feeds.
Not all lip ties cause problems, but if feeding feels difficult, it’s something worth having checked by a knowledgeable provider.
LM (Licensed Midwife): A midwife licensed at the state level and authorized to practice midwifery legally within that state. Most LMs attend home births or birth center births and are trained in out-of-hospital birth settings. Requirements vary by state but usually include formal education and clinical experience.
LMP (Last Menstrual Period): The first day of a mama’s most recent period before getting pregnant. It’s commonly used to estimate how far along a pregnancy is and to calculate the estimated due date. Even though conception usually happens about two weeks after the LMP, counting typically starts from that date because it's a clear, trackable point in the cycle. Many pregnancy timelines, appointments, and ultrasounds are based on the number of weeks since the LMP.
LOA (Left Occiput Anterior): LOA stands for Left Occiput Anterior—a common and ideal fetal position for birth. It means the baby is head-down, with the back of their head (the occiput) facing the front left side of the mama’s pelvis. Anterior refers to the front of the body, so in this case, the baby’s back is turned slightly forward, toward the front of the mama’s body.
This position helps the smallest part of the baby’s head press evenly on the cervix and line up well with the birth canal, which can support a smoother labor and birth.
Lochia: The bleeding and discharge that comes after giving birth, as the body sheds the lining of the uterus.
It starts off like a heavy period—bright red with small clots—and gradually lightens in color and flow over the course of several weeks. It’s a normal part of postpartum healing and can last anywhere from a few days to several weeks.
Changes in color (from red to pink to yellowish-white) are expected, but if it suddenly becomes heavy again, has a bad smell, or comes with fever or pain, it’s worth checking in with your care provider.
Lotus Birth: A practice where the umbilical cord is left uncut after birth, allowing it to remain attached to the placenta until it naturally dries and separates from the baby—usually within 3 to 10 days. Supporters of lotus birth believe it offers a gentle transition for the baby and may carry spiritual or symbolic meaning. The placenta is typically cleaned, salted, and wrapped to help preserve it during this time.
While some view it as a natural extension of delayed cord clamping, it’s not widely practiced in medical settings and may carry a risk of infection if not cared for properly.
Luteal Phase: The second half of the menstrual cycle, beginning after ovulation and ending when the next period starts. During the luteal phase, the body produces more progesterone, a hormone that helps thicken and maintain the uterine lining in case a fertilized egg implants.
If pregnancy doesn’t occur, progesterone levels drop, the lining is shed, and a new cycle begins. If pregnancy does occur, the body continues making progesterone to support early development. The luteal phase usually lasts about 12–14 days and is often more consistent in length than the first half of the cycle.
M
Marginal Cord Insertion: A variation in how the umbilical cord connects to the placenta, where the cord attaches at the edge rather than the center.
In most cases, it doesn’t cause problems and is simply monitored with extra care during pregnancy. However, it can sometimes affect how nutrients and oxygen are delivered to the baby, so providers may recommend additional ultrasounds to check growth and blood flow.
Marginal cord insertion is usually something that’s discovered during a routine anatomy scan.
Mastitis: Inflammation of breast tissue, usually caused by a blocked milk duct or an infection. It can lead to symptoms like breast pain, swelling, warmth, redness, and sometimes fever or chills. It most often occurs during breastfeeding, especially if milk isn’t draining well or a mama is dealing with a clogged duct.
Early signs may feel like a tender lump or soreness, and continuing to nurse or pump can often help clear it. In some cases, antibiotics may be needed. Rest, fluids, and frequent milk removal are key parts of recovery.
Maternal: A word that means “relating to the mother.” It’s often used in medical or birth-related contexts to describe anything connected to the mama’s body, health, or experience.
For example:
maternal health (the mother’s well-being)
maternal age (how old the mother is)
maternal instincts (a mother’s natural feelings or responses)
maternal exhaustion (when the mother becomes extremely tired during labor)
Maternal Exhaustion: Deep physical and emotional fatigue that can happen during a long or difficult labor, especially if the mama hasn’t been able to rest, eat, or sleep. It can make it hard to cope with contractions or have the strength to push, and sometimes leads to medical interventions.
There’s no exact test for exhaustion—it’s usually based on how the mama is doing overall.
While it can be a very real and valid experience, it’s also helpful to understand how and why it’s being considered, and to check in with your body, your instincts, and your care team if you're unsure.
Maternity: Refers to anything related to pregnancy and the period shortly before and after birth. It’s often used to describe services, clothing, care, or leave that supports a mama during this time.
Maternity care refers to prenatal, birth, and postpartum medical or midwifery care.
Maternity clothes are designed to fit a growing belly during pregnancy.
Maternity leave is the time a mama takes off from work for childbirth and recovery.
Meconium: A newborn’s first stool, made up of materials the baby swallowed in the womb like amniotic fluid, skin cells, and mucus. It’s thick, sticky, and dark green or black in color.
Meconium is usually passed in the first day or two after birth, but sometimes a baby passes it before or during labor. If that happens, especially in the amniotic fluid, it may require closer monitoring to make sure the baby doesn’t breathe it in during delivery.
Membrane Sweep: An induction method and form of intervention used to try to start labor naturally.
During a vaginal exam, a provider gently sweeps a finger around the inside of the cervix to separate the amniotic sac from the uterine wall. This action can release hormones (prostaglandins) that may help soften the cervix and encourage contractions.
While it doesn’t always lead to labor, some mamas go into labor within a day or two. It’s usually offered around or after the due date and may cause temporary cramping, spotting, or discomfort.
Menstrual Cycle: The monthly hormonal rhythm that prepares the body for a possible pregnancy. A full cycle begins on the first day of a period and ends the day before the next one starts. The average cycle is about 28 days, but it can be shorter or longer depending on the person.
The cycle has several phases:
Menstruation: when the uterine lining sheds (your period)
Follicular phase: when an egg starts maturing in the ovary
Ovulation: when the egg is released and can be fertilized
Luteal phase: when the body waits to see if pregnancy happens
If the egg isn’t fertilized, hormone levels drop and a new cycle begins. The cycle is a key part of fertility, hormonal health, and overall well-being.
Menstruation: The monthly shedding of the uterine lining when pregnancy hasn’t occurred.
During menstruation, the body releases blood and tissue through the vagina, usually lasting a few days to a week. This process is part of the menstrual cycle and is triggered by a drop in hormone levels.
Menstruation is a natural sign that the body is cycling and preparing for a possible pregnancy. It can come with symptoms like cramping, mood changes, and fatigue, and the experience varies from person to person.
Midwife: A trained professional who supports mamas during pregnancy, labor, birth, and the postpartum period. Midwives focus on low-risk pregnancies and often take a more holistic, relationship-centered approach to care. They may attend births at home, in birth centers, or in hospitals, depending on their type of certification, training, and local laws. Not all midwives are licensed or certified in the same way, and their scope of practice can vary.
Types of Midwives:
Licensed Midwife (LM):
Licensed at the state level and authorized to practice midwifery legally within that state. Most LMs attend home births or birth center births and are trained in out-of-hospital birth settings. Requirements vary by state but usually include formal education and clinical experience.
Certified Professional Midwife (CPM):
Certified by the North American Registry of Midwives (NARM). CPMs are specifically trained to attend out-of-hospital births, such as home or birth center births. Their certification is nationally recognized, but licensing and legal status vary by state.
Certified Nurse-Midwife (CNM):
A registered nurse (RN) with advanced training in midwifery. CNMs are certified by the American Midwifery Certification Board and are licensed to practice in all 50 states. They can attend births in hospitals, birth centers, or homes (depending on the state) and often work within medical systems. CNMs can prescribe medications and provide a full range of women's health care services, including prenatal care, birth, postpartum care, and general gynecology.
Certified Midwife (CM):
Certified through the same board as CNMs but without a nursing background. CMs complete a graduate-level midwifery program and receive similar clinical training. They are licensed in a limited number of states and may work in a variety of birth settings, depending on local laws.
Traditional Midwife:
Sometimes called a community or lay midwife, this midwife is typically trained through apprenticeship or experience rather than a formal medical program. Traditional midwives may or may not be licensed, depending on their region. They often focus on ancestral knowledge, cultural practices, and the spiritual aspects of birth, and typically attend home births. Their care is highly personalized and outside the conventional medical system.
Midwife Brew: A homemade drink that some mamas use in an attempt to naturally start labor. It typically includes castor oil, almond butter, lemon verbena tea, and apricot juice. The idea is that the combination helps stimulate the bowels (from the castor oil), while the other ingredients help coat the stomach and make it easier to tolerate.
Like castor oil alone, midwife brew can cause cramping, diarrhea, and dehydration, and it doesn’t guarantee labor will begin. As with any method of induction, it’s something to approach with caution. Make sure you fully understand what it is, why you’re considering it, and the potential risks before moving forward.
Miles Circuit: A natural technique made up of three specific positions done in a set order, often used in late pregnancy or during labor to help baby get into a better position—especially if labor is slow or not progressing.
Each position is done for about 30 minutes and the full circuit takes around 90 minutes. It includes:
Open-Knee Chest – You get on your knees with your chest and arms resting down low (like on pillows or a birth ball), letting your belly hang. This helps shift baby out of the pelvis and encourages repositioning.
Side-Lying – You lay on your side (usually the left), with a pillow between your legs and your top leg pulled up high, helping open the pelvis.
Lunging or Upright Movement – You finish with active movement like lunges, stairs, or curb walking to help baby settle into a better position.
It’s gentle, totally non-invasive, and often recommended by midwives and doulas to help labor move along more smoothly.
Milk "Coming In": Refers to the shift from producing small amounts of colostrum to making larger volumes of mature breast milk, usually between 2 to 5 days after birth. This change is triggered by hormonal shifts after the placenta is delivered.
Mamas may notice their breasts feeling fuller, firmer, warmer, or even a bit tender during this time.
Milk coming in is a normal part of the postpartum process and often signals the body adjusting to meet the baby’s feeding needs. Frequent nursing or expressing milk can help support this transition.
Milk Duct: The small channels in the breast that carry milk from the milk-producing glands to the nipple. During breastfeeding, these ducts allow milk to flow out as the baby nurses or as milk is expressed.
They develop and become active during pregnancy and are essential for milk delivery. If a duct becomes blocked, it can cause a clogged duct or lead to discomfort, so it's important to keep milk flowing regularly through feeding or pumping.
Milia: These are tiny white or yellowish bumps that often show up on a newborn’s nose, cheeks, or chin. They happen when dead skin gets trapped in small pockets near the surface.
Milia are very common in newborns and don’t need any treatment—they’re not pimples, and they’re not caused by poor hygiene. They usually go away on their own within a few weeks.
Miscarriage: The loss of a pregnancy before 20 weeks. It’s also called a spontaneous abortion, though many prefer the term miscarriage. Most miscarriages happen in the first trimester and are often due to chromosomal issues that prevent the baby from developing properly. Signs can include bleeding, cramping, and the sudden loss of pregnancy symptoms, though some miscarriages happen with no noticeable signs.
Experiencing a miscarriage can be physically and emotionally difficult, and it’s important to know it’s not caused by stress, lifting, or something the mama did wrong. Support, rest, and time to grieve and heal—both physically and emotionally—are often needed.
Molding: The temporary shaping or overlapping of a baby’s skull bones during birth to help the head fit through the birth canal. A baby’s skull is made up of soft plates with spaces between them (called fontanelles), which allows for flexibility during delivery.
Molding is common—especially in vaginal births—and often results in a slightly cone-shaped head at birth. The shape usually evens out on its own within the first few days or weeks.
Montgomery Glands: The small bumps on the areola (the darker area around the nipple).
These glands produce natural oils that help keep the skin around the nipple soft, moisturized, and protected during breastfeeding. They also release a mild scent that may help guide a newborn to the breast, especially in the early days after birth.
The glands can become more noticeable during pregnancy and breastfeeding, and they play a helpful role in supporting a healthy latch and nursing experience.
Moro reflex: This is one of the normal reflexes newborns are born with. It’s sometimes called the “startle reflex.” If a baby feels like they’re falling, hears a loud noise, or even experiences a sudden movement, bright light, or a shift in temperature, they might suddenly fling out their arms and legs, then quickly pull them back in. It can look dramatic, but it’s totally normal.
The Moro reflex is a sign of a healthy nervous system and usually goes away on its own by around 4 to 6 months of age. Some babies are more sensitive to it than others.
It’s named after Dr. Ernst Moro, the pediatrician who first described it in the early 1900s.
Morning Sickness: Nausea and sometimes vomiting that many mamas experience during early pregnancy—though despite the name, it can happen at any time of day.
It usually starts around 6 weeks and eases up by the end of the first trimester, though for some it lasts longer. It can range from mild queasiness to more intense discomfort, but as long as you’re able to keep food and fluids down and stay mostly functional, it’s considered a normal (if not very fun) part of pregnancy.
If the nausea becomes constant, you’re losing weight, or you can’t stay hydrated, it’s a good idea to reach out to your provider for support.
Mucus plug: This is a thick clump of mucus that seals the cervix during pregnancy. It acts as a barrier, protecting your baby from bacteria and germs. As your body gets closer to labor, the cervix begins to soften and open, and the mucus plug may come out.
It can look like a glob of clear, yellowish, pink, or blood-tinged mucus—sometimes called “bloody show” if there’s a bit of blood mixed in. Some mamas lose it all at once; others lose it gradually without even noticing.
Losing your mucus plug can be a sign that labor is on its way, but it doesn’t mean labor will start immediately—it could still be days or even weeks. And if it comes out early (like several weeks before your estimated due date), your body can actually make more of it to keep things protected.
Multiples: Refers to a pregnancy with more than one baby—such as twins, triplets, or more.
Multiples can be fraternal (each from a separate egg) or identical (from one egg that splits). These pregnancies may come with unique considerations, but many mamas carry multiples smoothly and go on to have healthy births.
Supportive care, good information, and a provider who’s experienced with multiples and aligned with your birth goals can help you feel confident and well-prepared.
N
Nasal aspirator: A nasal aspirator is a device used to remove mucus from a baby’s nose to help them breathe more easily, especially when they are congested. Since infants can't blow their noses, aspirators provide a safe and effective way to clear nasal passages.
There are a few common types:
Bulb syringe: A rubber bulb that creates suction when squeezed and released.
Suction tube aspirator: A device with a mouthpiece and tubing that allows a caregiver to gently control the suction; a filter prevents any mucus from entering the mouth.
Electric aspirator: A battery-operated device that provides automatic suction at the push of a button.
Mamas can choose whichever type works best for them and their baby. Be sure to read and follow the instructions for proper use and cleaning.
Natal: Refers to anything related to birth. You’ll often see it used as part of other terms, like:
Prenatal — before birth
Perinatal — around the time of birth
Postnatal — after birth
Neonatal — relating to newborns, especially in the first few weeks of life
“Natal” on its own isn’t used as often, but it simply connects to the time or process of being born.
Natural Birth: Typically refers to giving birth without medical interventions such as pain medication, induction, or cesarean surgery.
A natural birth focuses on allowing labor to unfold on its own, often with support from comfort measures like movement, breathing techniques, water, massage, or a doula. It can take place in a hospital, birth center, or at home.
The term can mean different things to different mamas, but it generally centers on trusting the body’s process and minimizing outside interference unless medically necessary.
Neonatal: Relates to the newborn period, typically defined as the first 28 days after birth. This stage is focused on the baby’s transition from life inside the womb to the outside world.
During the neonatal period, babies go through big adjustments like learning to breathe, regulate temperature, feed, and develop early immune protection.
Neonatal Resuscitation: The steps taken to help a newborn start breathing or maintain stable breathing and heart rate immediately after birth if they don’t transition on their own. Most babies begin breathing without help, but in some cases—especially if the birth was difficult or the baby was born early—support may be needed.
This can include simple actions like drying and stimulating the baby, giving gentle breaths with a mask, or in rare cases, more advanced measures. Trained birth attendants, midwives, or medical providers are prepared to step in if needed.
While it can sound intense, most newborns who need resuscitation respond quickly to basic support.
Nesting: A burst of energy and a strong urge that some mamas experience in late pregnancy to clean, organize, and prepare their home for the baby’s arrival. It can look like deep-cleaning, washing baby clothes, setting up the nursery, or stocking up on supplies.
This instinct is thought to be influenced by hormonal shifts as the body prepares for birth.
Not everyone experiences nesting, and that’s completely normal too.
Newborn: Refers to a baby from birth through about the first 4 to 6 weeks of life.
During this stage, babies are adjusting to life outside the womb—learning to breathe, feed, sleep, and bond.
Newborns have unique needs and patterns, including frequent feeding (day and night), irregular sleep, and rapid development. This period is also when parents and babies are getting to know each other and establishing early routines.
NICU (Neonatal Intensive Care Unit): a specialized area in a hospital where newborns who need extra medical care are monitored and treated. Babies may be admitted to the NICU for various reasons, such as being born early (premature), having trouble breathing, low birth weight, infections, or other health concerns.
The NICU is staffed by specially trained doctors, nurses, and support staff, and care can range from short-term monitoring to more intensive, long-term support depending on the baby’s needs.
Nipple: The small, raised part in the center of the breast through which milk flows during breastfeeding. It becomes erect in response to touch, temperature, or stimulation, which can help a baby latch more easily.
Nipples vary in size, shape, and sensitivity, and some may be flat or inverted—though many babies can still learn to latch with the right support.
During breastfeeding, the baby draws both the nipple and a good portion of the areola into their mouth to effectively nurse.
Nipple shield: A nipple shield is a soft, flexible silicone cover worn over the nipple during breastfeeding. It’s typically used as a temporary tool to help with certain feeding challenges—like flat or inverted nipples, latch difficulties, or sore or damaged nipples.
The shield has holes at the tip so milk can flow through to the baby. While it can be helpful in some situations, it’s not meant to be a long-term solution for most. If a mama finds herself needing one, it’s a good idea to work with a lactation consultant to make sure the shield fits well, is being used correctly, and to create a plan for weaning off it if possible.
Nitrous oxide: Also known as “laughing gas,” nitrous oxide is a drug sometimes offered for pain relief during labor. It’s inhaled through a mask or mouthpiece that you hold and control yourself. Some mamas say it takes the edge off or helps them relax a little during contractions. Others find it doesn’t do much at all—or that they don’t like how it makes them feel.
It acts quickly and wears off quickly, which means it doesn’t linger in your system. It's often said to have minimal impact on labor and the baby, but experiences vary, and it's still a form of medical pain relief. Side effects can include nausea, dizziness, a disconnected feeling, or dry mouth.
Like any intervention, it’s worth asking questions, doing your research, and deciding if it fits with the kind of birth you’re planning.
Nuchal Arm: A birth position where one or both of the baby’s arms are up near their head during delivery. “Nuchal” means around the neck, so a nuchal arm refers to an arm that is wrapped around or behind the neck as the baby descends.
This can sometimes make birth more challenging, possibly causing a longer pushing stage or added pressure for the mama. However, in many cases, it isn’t a problem at all and the baby can be born just fine on their own without any need for intervention. Skilled providers are trained to recognize and handle this variation when needed.
Nuchal Translucency: A screening ultrasound done in the first trimester (usually between 11 and 14 weeks) to measure the amount of fluid in the space at the back of a baby’s neck — called the nuchal space. “Nuchal” refers to the neck, and “translucency” means how clear or fluid-filled the space is.
It’s done with an abdominal (outside) ultrasound and is part of what’s sometimes called a “first-trimester screen.” The amount of fluid is measured in millimeters. A larger-than-average measurement doesn’t automatically mean something is wrong — it just means there might be a higher chance of certain chromosomal differences (like Down syndrome) or heart conditions.
This test is only a screening — not a diagnosis. Many babies with a higher nuchal translucency measurement are born perfectly healthy. It’s one piece of information that can guide whether or not you want more testing. You always have the option to decline or ask more questions before moving forward.
Nurse: To feed a baby at the breast. It involves the baby latching on and drawing out breastmilk for nourishment and comfort. The term “nursing” is often used interchangeably with breastfeeding.
Nursing can also offer closeness, bonding, and soothing, beyond just providing milk. Some babies nurse for short, efficient feeds, while others take their time or nurse for comfort as well as hunger.
Nursing Bra: A specially designed bra that allows easy access to the breasts for breastfeeding or pumping. It typically has cups that unclip or pull aside so a mama can nurse without removing the entire bra.
O
Obstetrician (OB): A medical doctor who specializes in pregnancy, labor, birth, and postpartum care.
OBs are trained to manage both low-risk and high-risk pregnancies and are skilled in handling complications, performing interventions like inductions or cesareans, and providing medical support throughout the entire process.
While many OBs work in hospital settings and follow standard medical protocols, some are also supportive of low-intervention or natural birth approaches.
If you're hoping for a more hands-off birth, it’s worth finding an OB whose philosophy aligns with your preferences.
Occiput Anterior (OA): A common and ideal position for birth where the baby is head-down with the back of their head (the occiput) facing the front of the mama’s pelvis. This means the baby is facing the mama’s back, which usually allows for smoother movement through the birth canal.
Occiput anterior—especially left occiput anterior (LOA)—is associated with more efficient labor and less likelihood of complications. Many babies naturally settle into this position in the final weeks of pregnancy or during labor.
Occiput Posterior (OP): A head-down position where the baby’s back is toward the mama’s back, meaning the baby is facing forward instead of toward the spine. This is sometimes called "sunny-side up."
Occiput posterior can lead to longer or more intense labor, especially back labor, since the hardest part of the baby’s head presses against the spine.
Some babies rotate on their own during labor, while others are born in this position.
Certain movements, positions, and support techniques may help encourage rotation and make labor more manageable.
Oligohydramnios: When there’s less amniotic fluid around the baby than expected.
It might show up during a routine ultrasound or if your belly is measuring smaller than usual. It can happen for many reasons, like problems with the placenta, the baby’s kidneys, or even if the mama is dehydrated.
Depending on how low the fluid is and how far along you are, your care team may recommend extra monitoring or discuss options for birth.
Oral Tie: A condition where a small band of tissue in the mouth is too tight or thick, which can limit movement. The most common types are tongue tie (where the tissue under the tongue is tight) and lip tie (where the tissue connecting the upper lip to the gum is tight).
Oral ties can sometimes cause issues with breastfeeding, like trouble latching, poor weight gain, or nipple pain for the mama. Not all ties need to be treated, but if feeding is difficult, it may be worth having a specialist take a closer look.
Ovary: One of two small, oval-shaped organs located on either side of the uterus. Ovaries are part of the female reproductive system and have two main jobs: releasing eggs (ovulation) and producing hormones like estrogen and progesterone.
Each month, during a menstrual cycle, an ovary typically releases one egg, which can be fertilized if sperm is present.
The ovaries also play an important role in maintaining hormonal balance throughout puberty, pregnancy, and menopause.
Ovulation: The part of the menstrual cycle when an ovary releases a mature egg. This usually happens about halfway through the cycle, around day 14 in a typical 28-day cycle, though it can vary from person to person. The egg then travels down the fallopian tube, where it can be fertilized by sperm.
Ovulation is the most fertile time in the cycle and is key for conception.
Some signs of ovulation can include a slight rise in body temperature, changes in cervical mucus (often becoming clear and stretchy), and mild pelvic cramping.
Ovum: Another word for an egg—the female reproductive cell that carries half of the genetic material needed to create a baby.
Each month, during ovulation, one ovum is typically released from an ovary and travels down the fallopian tube. If it meets sperm, it can be fertilized and begin the process of pregnancy. If not, it is shed along with the uterine lining during menstruation.
Ovum is the singular form; the plural is ova.
Oxytocin: A hormone naturally produced by the body that plays a major role in labor, birth, and bonding.
During labor, oxytocin helps trigger and strengthen contractions. After birth, it supports the delivery of the placenta, reduces bleeding, and promotes milk let-down during breastfeeding.
It’s also known as the “love hormone” because it’s released during moments of connection, like skin-to-skin contact and nursing, helping build emotional bonds between mama and baby.
P
Padsicle: A homemade or store-bought pad that’s been chilled (usually in the freezer) and used after birth to help soothe the perineum—the area between the vagina and the anus.
It’s typically a maternity pad soaked in something cooling like witch hazel or aloe vera, then wrapped and frozen.
Padsicles can help reduce swelling, ease pain, and bring relief during those first few days postpartum when everything in that area is tender and healing.
PCOS: Stands for Polycystic Ovary Syndrome—a hormonal condition that can affect menstrual cycles, ovulation, and fertility. Mamas with PCOS may have irregular or absent periods, higher levels of androgens (male hormones), and small fluid-filled sacs (cysts) on the ovaries. It can also be linked with symptoms like acne, unwanted hair growth, or difficulty getting pregnant.
While PCOS can make conception more challenging, many mamas with PCOS go on to have healthy pregnancies—sometimes with support from lifestyle changes, natural approaches, or fertility care. Understanding your own body and working with a provider who listens and supports your goals is key.
Peanut ball: A peanut ball is a peanut-shaped exercise ball used during labor to help open the pelvis, support different positions, and encourage baby to move down. It’s often placed between the legs while the mama is lying on her side, sitting, or in a semi-reclined position. The shape helps keep it stable while gently widening the hips, which can support the natural flow of labor.
It’s a great tool for mamas who want to stay upright or side-lying while still helping baby rotate and descend. It can also be useful if a mama has had an epidural and can’t move around as freely—helping maintain alignment and keep things progressing.
Pelvic Floor: A group of muscles and tissues at the bottom of the pelvis that support the uterus, bladder, and rectum.
These muscles help with core stability, bladder and bowel control, and play an important role during pregnancy, birth, and postpartum recovery. During vaginal birth, the pelvic floor stretches to allow the baby to pass through.
Pelvic Floor Specialist/Therapist: A healthcare provider trained to assess and treat issues related to the muscles, tissues, and function of the pelvic floor. They often work with mamas during pregnancy and postpartum to address concerns like pelvic pain, incontinence, prolapse, painful intercourse, or difficulty with bowel or bladder control.
Pelvic floor specialists use techniques like targeted exercises, manual therapy, education, and lifestyle guidance to support healing and restore function.
Pelvis: The bony structure at the base of the spine that supports the weight of the upper body and forms the passage the baby moves through during birth.
The pelvis is made up of several bones and joints that can shift and widen slightly during pregnancy and labor to help make room for the baby. Its shape and flexibility can influence how the baby moves and rotates during birth.
Movement, posture, and positioning during labor can all help create more space in the pelvis to support a smoother delivery.
Peri bottle: A peri bottle is a small squirt bottle used to gently rinse your perineal area (the space between your vagina and anus) after giving birth. It’s most commonly used after using the restroom—especially in the early days when wiping can be uncomfortable or even off-limits.
It’s also incredibly helpful for mamas who’ve had a tear or stitches. Squirting warm water while you pee can help dilute the urine and reduce that burning sensation, making things a lot more bearable.
Perinatal: Describes the time around birth—roughly from the middle of pregnancy through the first few weeks after the baby is born. It includes the final stretch of pregnancy, labor and delivery, and the early postpartum period when both mama and baby are adjusting.
You might hear this term in everyday ways like:
Perinatal care — the checkups and support you get near the end of pregnancy and right after birth
Perinatal mental health — how you’re feeling emotionally and mentally during this time
Perinatal education — classes or resources that help you prepare for birth and caring for a newborn
Perineal Massage: A technique used during the last few weeks of pregnancy to gently stretch and soften the perineum—the area between the vagina and anus—with the goal of helping it become more flexible for birth. It’s usually done by the mama or with help from a partner using clean hands or a natural oil.
Perineal massage may help reduce the chance of tearing or the need for stitches during birth, though results can vary. It's often started around 34 to 36 weeks and done a few times a week for a few minutes at a time.
Perineum: The area of skin and muscle between the vaginal opening and the anus. During birth, the perineum stretches to allow the baby to pass through.
Period: Another term for menstruation—the monthly release of blood and tissue from the uterus when pregnancy hasn’t occurred.
A period is part of the menstrual cycle and usually lasts between 3 to 7 days. It’s a normal and healthy sign that the body is going through its regular hormonal rhythms.
Some mamas experience cramping, bloating, mood changes, or fatigue during their period, while others have little to no discomfort. The timing, flow, and symptoms can vary from person to person and even cycle to cycle.
Pinard horn: A Pinard horn is a tool used to listen to a baby’s heartbeat during pregnancy. It looks like a small trumpet or horn and is placed on the mama’s belly to pick up the sound of the baby’s heart—no batteries or electronics, just good old-fashioned acoustics.
It’s named after Adolphe Pinard, a French obstetrician in the late 1800s who helped advance maternity care. He designed this simple device as a way to monitor fetal well-being, and it’s still used today—especially by midwives who prefer low-tech, non-invasive tools. Pinard horns are often made of wood, metal, or plastic and are a favorite in natural birth settings for their gentle, hands-on approach.
Pitocin: A synthetic version of the hormone oxytocin, used in hospitals to start or speed up labor. It’s given through an IV and is often used for induction or when labor slows down. While it works like natural oxytocin by causing contractions, Pitocin is delivered in a steady, controlled dose—unlike the body’s natural release, which comes in gentle waves. This can make contractions feel stronger and more intense.
While Pitocin may be necessary in some situations, it’s something mamas may want to consider carefully. Its use can increase the likelihood of further interventions, like an epidural or continuous monitoring, and may contribute to what’s known as the cascade of interventions.
Placenta: An organ that forms during pregnancy and connects the baby to the uterus. It acts like a lifeline, delivering oxygen and nutrients to the baby through the umbilical cord and removing waste products.
The placenta also produces hormones that help maintain the pregnancy and support the baby’s growth. It attaches to the wall of the uterus and is usually delivered shortly after the baby is born, during the third stage of labor.
By full term, the placenta is typically about the size of a dinner plate and around an inch thick.
Placenta Encapsulation: The process of preparing the placenta after birth by steaming, dehydrating, grinding, and placing it into capsules for the mama to take like a supplement.
Some believe that consuming the placenta may help with postpartum recovery, support mood balance, boost energy, or improve milk supply.
Placenta previa: This is when the placenta attaches low in the uterus and covers part or all of the cervix—the opening to the birth canal. The word “previa” means “in front of”, so placenta previa literally means the placenta is “in front of” the cervix.
Since the baby needs to come through the cervix during birth, having the placenta in the way can cause complications. It can lead to bleeding during pregnancy or labor, and in most cases, it means a vaginal birth isn’t possible.
Placenta previa is usually diagnosed by ultrasound. Sometimes it’s found early in pregnancy and moves upward as the uterus grows. But if it’s still covering the cervix later on, providers often recommend a planned C-section to keep both mama and baby safe.
Many mamas with placenta previa go on to have healthy pregnancies and births—with careful monitoring and planning.
Plagiocephaly: This word comes from plagio (meaning slanted or uneven) and cephaly (meaning head). It refers to when a baby’s head develops a flat spot or becomes a little uneven in shape—often appearing slightly lopsided or misshapen.
It usually happens when there’s consistent pressure on one area of the skull, like when a baby spends a lot of time lying in the same position. In many cases, it’s mild and can improve on its own with more tummy time, shifting baby’s head position during rest, and carrying baby upright more often.
More pronounced cases may be evaluated by a pediatrician, and in some situations, a special helmet might be recommended to gently guide the skull’s shape. It’s typically a cosmetic issue—not something that affects brain development—and most babies with plagiocephaly grow up healthy and just fine.
Polyhydramnios: When there’s more amniotic fluid around the baby than usual. It’s often found during an ultrasound and can make your belly feel extra stretched or tight.
Sometimes it happens for no clear reason, but it can also be linked to things like gestational diabetes or issues with the baby swallowing fluid.
Depending on how much extra fluid there is, your provider may want to monitor things more closely to watch for early labor or other complications.
Posterior: A directional term meaning “toward the back.” In pregnancy and birth, it’s often used in two ways:
Baby’s position: When a baby is in a posterior position, they’re head-down but facing the mama’s belly instead of her back. This can lead to longer or more uncomfortable labor (especially back labor), though many babies rotate on their own during labor or are born just fine in this position.
Placenta location: A posterior placenta means the placenta is attached to the back wall of the uterus, which is a common and typically favorable position for both baby and monitoring during pregnancy.
Postpartum: Refers to the period after birth when the mama’s body and mind are recovering and adjusting.
This time includes physical healing (like the uterus shrinking and hormones shifting), emotional changes, learning to feed and care for the baby, and settling into a new rhythm.
The postpartum period is often considered the first 6 weeks after birth, but in reality, recovery and adjustment can take much longer. Support, rest, nutrition, and patience are key during this time—for both physical and emotional well-being.
Postpartum depression (PPD): A deep and lasting emotional struggle that some mamas face after giving birth. It’s more than the short-lived “baby blues” that many experience in the first few days—it can show up as ongoing sadness, anxiety, irritability, exhaustion, difficulty bonding with baby, sleep issues, appetite changes, or just feeling off or unlike yourself. It’s not a sign of failure, and you’re not alone.
If you think you might be experiencing this, talk to someone you trust. There are many supportive tools that may help—like nutrition, addressing vitamin or mineral deficiencies, chiropractic care, emotional support, and more. The most important thing is to know that help exists, and healing is absolutely possible.
PPROM (Preterm Premature Rupture of Membranes): When the amniotic sac breaks before 37 weeks of pregnancy and before labor begins. This means the water has broken early and the baby is still preterm.
PPROM increases the risk of infection and early labor, so it’s usually managed with close monitoring, possible hospitalization, and sometimes medications to help the baby’s lungs mature or prevent infection.
How it’s handled depends on how far along the pregnancy is and how mama and baby are doing.
Preeclampsia: a pregnancy-related condition that involves high blood pressure and signs of stress on organs—most often the liver and kidneys. It typically develops after 20 weeks of pregnancy and can also appear shortly after birth. Other signs may include swelling in the face or hands, headaches, vision changes, and protein in the urine.
If left untreated, preeclampsia can sometimes progress to eclampsia, a more serious condition that includes seizures and can be life-threatening for both mama and baby. Staying aware of symptoms and checking in regularly with your provider can help identify and manage it if it arises.
Premature: Describes a baby born before 37 weeks of pregnancy.
Premature babies—also called preemies—may be small and need extra support as their bodies and systems are still developing. The earlier a baby is born, the more likely they are to need help with things like breathing, feeding, and staying warm.
Some preemies spend time in the NICU, while others may need only short-term monitoring. Many premature babies grow and thrive with time, care, and support.
Prenatal: Refers to the time during pregnancy before the baby is born. It includes everything related to caring for the mama and baby while the baby is still in the womb. You might hear it in terms like:
Prenatal care — checkups, screenings, and guidance during pregnancy
Prenatal vitamins — supplements taken to support a healthy pregnancy
Prenatal education — classes or resources to help prepare for birth and parenting
Presentation: Refers to the part of the baby that is positioned to come out first during birth. The most common and ideal presentation is head-first (called vertex presentation). Other types include:
Breech presentation: when the baby’s buttocks or feet are positioned to come first
Face or brow presentation: when the baby’s face or forehead is presenting instead of the top of the head
Shoulder or transverse presentation: when the baby is lying sideways or shoulder-first, which usually requires a cesarean
Presentation is usually checked in late pregnancy or during labor to help plan for the safest type of delivery.
Preterm: Refers to a baby born before 37 completed weeks of pregnancy. Preterm birth is divided into categories based on how early the baby arrives:
Late preterm: 34 to 36 weeks
Moderate preterm: 32 to 33 weeks
Very preterm: 28 to 31 weeks
Extremely preterm: before 28 weeks
Preterm babies may need extra care depending on how early they’re born, especially with breathing, feeding, and temperature regulation. Some need time in the NICU, while others may only need brief monitoring.
Prodromal Labor: A phase of labor-like activity that happens before true labor begins. It can include regular contractions that feel real but don’t lead to consistent cervical change.
Prodromal labor often comes and goes—sometimes for days or even weeks—and can be physically and emotionally tiring. Unlike early labor, it usually doesn’t get progressively stronger or closer together.
While it may feel frustrating, prodromal labor is the body’s way of getting ready and can help position the baby and soften the cervix ahead of active labor.
Progesterone: A hormone that plays a key role in pregnancy.
Progesterone helps prepare the uterus for a fertilized egg, supports early pregnancy by maintaining the uterine lining, and keeps the uterus relaxed so it doesn’t contract too early.
Levels of progesterone rise throughout pregnancy and drop once the baby is born, which helps trigger labor and milk production. It's also involved in mood regulation and overall hormonal balance during the prenatal and postpartum periods.
Prolactin: A hormone that helps the body produce breast milk.
Prolactin levels rise during pregnancy but increase even more after birth, especially when the baby nurses or milk is expressed. The more often milk is removed from the breast, the more prolactin is released, which helps maintain milk supply.
Prolactin also plays a role in bonding and can have a calming effect, helping mamas rest and care for their newborns.
Prolapsed Cord: A rare situation during labor where the umbilical cord comes down into the birth canal before or alongside the baby. This can lead to pressure on the cord, which may reduce the baby’s oxygen supply. It’s more likely to happen if the water breaks before the baby is well engaged in the pelvis.
While prolapsed cord is uncommon, it does require prompt medical attention—often including a cesarean birth—to help ensure the baby’s well-being. Care teams are trained to recognize and respond to it quickly when it occurs.
PROM (Premature Rupture of Membranes): when the amniotic sac (or “water”) breaks before labor begins but after 37 weeks of pregnancy. Once the water breaks, labor often starts on its own within a day, but if it doesn’t, some providers may suggest options to help things move along due to the increased risk of infection over time.
PROM is different from PPROM, which is when the water breaks before 37 weeks (the first “P” standing for “preterm”).
Prostaglandins: Prostaglandins are hormone-like substances that play an important role in many body functions, including labor and birth. Near the end of pregnancy, prostaglandin levels naturally rise to help soften and thin the cervix (a process called ripening) and prepare the uterus for contractions.
In some cases, prostaglandins are also used medically—through gels, inserts, or pills—to help induce labor by encouraging the cervix to open and become ready for birth.
Protein in Urine: A sign that protein is leaking from the kidneys into the urine, which can sometimes indicate that the body is under stress.
In pregnancy, it’s most often checked during routine prenatal visits and may be an early sign of conditions like preeclampsia—especially if it’s found along with high blood pressure or other symptoms like swelling or headaches.
A small amount might not mean anything serious, but persistent or high levels usually lead to more monitoring to make sure both mama and baby are doing well.
Pump: A device used to express breast milk. Breast pumps help remove milk from the breast when a mama is away from her baby, building a milk stash, managing supply, or relieving engorgement. There are several types of pumps, each with its own use and convenience level:
Manual pump – Hand-operated, portable, and quiet. Some mamas find it more effective for expressing more milk with less discomfort.
Electric pump – Powered by electricity or battery, often has adjustable settings and can pump one or both breasts at once.
Wearable pump – Hands-free, cordless, and fits inside a bra. Offers freedom of movement and discretion, though often lower suction power.
Silicone collector (like a Haakaa) – Passive suction device that attaches to one breast while baby nurses on the other. Great for catching letdown and building a stash with little effort.
Each type serves different needs, and some mamas use a combination based on what works best for their lifestyle and routine.
Pump and dump: This refers to pumping breastmilk and then discarding it instead of feeding it to the baby.
Sometimes it’s recommended for safety reasons—like after certain medications, procedures, or alcohol consumption—but other times, it may not be necessary. The need to pump and dump depends on the specific situation.
It’s a good idea to do your own research, use common sense, and talk to a professional you trust to decide what’s best.
Pushing: The stage of labor that begins once the cervix is fully dilated and ends with the birth of the baby.
During this phase, the mama uses her body’s strength—and often feels a strong natural urge—to push the baby down and out through the birth canal.
Pushing can last a few minutes to a few hours, depending on factors like the baby’s position, the mama’s energy, and whether it’s a first birth.
It may be guided by instinct, coached by a provider, or a mix of both.
Q
R
Rebozo: A long, woven cloth traditionally used in Mexican culture for many purposes, including pregnancy and birth support. In labor, a rebozo can be used to help relax muscles, encourage baby movement or rotation, and offer comfort through gentle movements like jiggling or sifting. It’s often used by doulas, midwives, or partners as a hands-on tool to support the mama physically and emotionally.
While simple, the rebozo can be a powerful way to ease tension and work with the body during labor.
Rh Factor: When you get your blood drawn, you’ll be told your blood type—like A+ (positive), B- (negative), O+ (positive), and so on. The positive or negative part tells you whether you have something called the Rh factor, which is a tiny protein found on red blood cells. “Rh” stands for Rhesus, named after the rhesus monkey where the protein was first discovered.
If you have the protein, you're Rh positive (+).
If you don’t have the protein, you're Rh negative (-).
Most people (about 85 out of 100) are Rh positive. The rest are Rh negative. Both are normal, healthy blood types.
Here’s the part that matters for pregnant mamas:
Rh positive blood can mix safely with both positive and negative blood.
Rh negative blood can only mix safely with other negative blood.
So, if a mama is Rh negative and her baby is Rh positive, and a small amount of their blood mixes (which can happen during pregnancy or birth), the mama’s body might react to the baby’s blood like it’s an invader. It can start making antibodies—sort of like it’s building a memory to fight it off next time. (This only happens in a small number of cases, but it’s worth doing your own research on this so you understand your potential risk factors and can make informed choices if it applies to you.)
This creation of antibodies doesn’t usually cause problems in the current pregnancy, but in future pregnancies, those antibodies can cross the placenta and break down the red blood cells of a future baby, which can become serious if not managed. This is why providers watch Rh negative mamas more closely.
If you’re Rh negative, your provider may offer a shot (called Rhogam) during pregnancy and after birth to help prevent your body from making those antibodies. As with any medical intervention, this choice isn’t for everyone, there are both potential risks and benefits, so it’s important to do your research, ask questions, and make the choice that feels right for you.
Ring of Fire: A term used to describe the intense burning or stinging sensation that some mamas feel when the baby’s head is crowning—meaning it’s stretching the vaginal opening during the final moments of pushing.
This feeling happens as the skin and tissues of the perineum stretch to their maximum. It’s a sign that birth is very close, and the sensation often passes quickly once the baby’s head is out.
Slowing down during this phase can sometimes help reduce the chance of tearing.
Ripening: Refers to the process of the cervix softening, thinning, and beginning to open in preparation for labor.
A ripe cervix is more flexible and ready to dilate, which can make labor start more smoothly or progress more easily. Ripening often happens naturally as the body gets closer to labor, but in some cases, providers may suggest methods to encourage it.
There are medications designed to help with cervical ripening, though not everyone chooses to use them. Some mamas explore natural approaches like eating dates or using a birth ball to help support the process.
Rooting reflex: This is a natural reflex newborns have that helps them find the breast or bottle to feed. When you gently stroke a baby’s cheek or the corner of their mouth, they’ll turn their head in that direction and open their mouth—like they’re “rooting” around to latch on. The term comes from the instinctive way animals nudge or search with their noses or mouths when looking for food.
It’s one of the early signs that a baby is hungry and ready to feed. The rooting reflex usually fades by around 3 to 4 months of age as babies begin to feed more intentionally.
S
SAHM (Stay-at-Home Mom): A mother who takes on the full-time role of caring for her children and managing the household rather than working outside the home. This may include caring for infants, homeschooling, organizing daily routines, handling meals, and managing the day-to-day needs of the family.
While unpaid, it is considered a full-time role that requires constant attention, effort, and care.
Shoulder Dystocia: A situation during birth when the baby’s head is born, but one or both shoulders get stuck behind the mama’s pelvic bone, making it harder for the rest of the body to come out right away.
It’s usually unexpected and happens quickly, but care providers are trained in specific techniques to help free the baby safely.
While it can sound scary, most cases are resolved within minutes and without lasting problems.
Skin-to-Skin: The practice of placing a newborn directly on the mama’s bare chest right after birth, with both covered by a blanket to stay warm.
This simple contact helps regulate the baby’s temperature, heart rate, and breathing, encourages bonding, and supports early breastfeeding.
Skin-to-skin can be done immediately after birth and continued in the hours and days that follow. It’s also beneficial for partners and can be used anytime a baby needs calming or comfort.
Sperm: The male reproductive cell that carries half of the genetic material needed to create a baby.
During conception, a sperm must meet and fertilize an egg. Sperm are produced in the testicles and released during ejaculation. Each sperm is tiny and shaped like a tadpole, with a head that carries DNA and a tail that helps it swim.
It only takes one sperm to fertilize an egg, though millions are released to increase the chances of that happening.
Spinal Block: A type of anesthesia (different from an epidural) used to numb the lower half of the body during birth. It’s given as a one-time injection into the fluid around the spinal cord and works quickly, usually within minutes.
It’s most commonly used for cesarean sections, but may also be used for some vaginal births—such as if forceps or a vacuum are going to be used.
It provides complete numbness below the waist for a short period of time, but unlike an epidural, it can’t be adjusted once it’s given.
Spinning Babies: A program that teaches body-balancing techniques and gentle movements to help babies get into an ideal position for birth—typically head-down, with their back toward the front of the mama’s belly (called anterior position).
The goal is to make more space in the pelvis and encourage smoother labor and easier descent. It includes things like daily stretches, specific positions (like forward-leaning inversions or side-lying releases), and exercises to release tension in the ligaments and muscles that support the uterus.
Some mamas start the routine during pregnancy to promote good positioning, and others use it during labor to help get things moving if baby seems a little stuck.
Spotting: Light bleeding that happens outside of a regular period. Spotting can look like a few drops of blood or light streaking and may be pink, red, or brown in color. It can occur for many reasons—such as ovulation, implantation in early pregnancy, hormonal shifts, or even after physical activity or intimacy.
Spotting is usually not a cause for concern, especially if it’s light and short-lived, but it’s always okay to check in with a provider—especially during pregnancy or if the spotting is new or unusual for you.
Stages of Labor: Labor is typically divided into three main stages, each marking a different part of the birth process:
First Stage – Dilation
This is when the cervix opens to prepare for birth. It’s broken down into:
Early labor: the cervix slowly opens from 0 to about 6 centimeters. Contractions are usually mild and spaced out.
Active labor: the cervix dilates from 6 to 10 centimeters. Contractions get stronger, longer, and closer together.
Transition: the final part of dilation, from about 8 to 10 centimeters, often the most intense phase.
Second Stage – Pushing and Birth
Begins when the cervix is fully dilated and ends when the baby is born. The mama pushes with contractions, and the baby moves down and out through the birth canal.
Third Stage – Delivery of the Placenta
After the baby is born, the placenta is delivered. This stage usually lasts a few minutes up to about half an hour.
Some also refer to a Fourth Stage—the first hour or two after birth—when mama and baby are closely monitored, bonding begins, and the body starts immediate recovery.
Station: Refers to how far down the baby is in the pelvis during labor. Station is measured in numbers from –5 to +5:
Negative numbers (like –3) mean the baby is still high up in the pelvis.
Zero station means the baby is nicely settled into the middle of the pelvis.
Positive numbers (like +2 or +3) show that the baby is moving down and getting close to being born.
Station helps providers understand how the baby is progressing through the birth canal during labor.
Stepping reflex (Walking reflex): When you hold a newborn upright with their feet touching a flat surface, they’ll appear to take tiny steps—lifting one foot, then the other, like they’re trying to walk.
Of course, they’re far from ready to stand or walk, but this reflex is a sign that their nervous system and muscle coordination are developing normally. The stepping reflex usually fades by about 2 months of age and returns later when the baby actually starts learning to walk.
Stork bite: A stork bite is a common type of flat, pink or red birthmark that many babies are born with. It usually shows up on the back of the neck (where the “stork” is said to have carried the baby), but can also appear on the eyelids, forehead, or between the eyebrows.
It’s caused by tiny blood vessels (capillaries) that are close to the surface of the skin. Stork bites are completely harmless and painless. Most fade on their own within the first year or two, especially the ones on the face—though those on the back of the neck sometimes stick around a little longer.
Stretch Marks: Lines or streaks that can appear on the skin when it stretches quickly, such as during pregnancy. They’re most common on the belly, breasts, hips, and thighs. Stretch marks often start out red, purple, or dark brown (depending on skin tone), and gradually fade to a lighter color over time.
They’re completely normal and don’t mean anything is wrong—just that the skin has grown quickly to make room for the growing baby.
Stripping membranes: Also called a membrane sweep, this is a procedure that some providers offer toward the end of pregnancy to try to get labor going naturally—without using medication. During a cervical check, the provider gently inserts a finger and sweeps it around the inside of the cervix, separating the bag of waters (amniotic sac) from the uterine wall. This can release hormones (like prostaglandins) that may help start labor.
It’s usually done in the last couple weeks of pregnancy if the cervix is already soft and slightly open. It can be uncomfortable or even painful for some mamas, and it might cause cramping or spotting afterward.
As with any intervention, it’s optional. You always have the right to say yes or no, ask lots of questions, and weigh the potential benefits and risks before deciding what feels right for you.
Subchorionic Hematoma: A pocket of blood that collects between the wall of the uterus and the chorion (the outer membrane around the baby). It’s one of the more common reasons for bleeding in early pregnancy and can sound scarier than it often is.
Many mamas go on to have completely healthy pregnancies with no complications. Some subchorionic hematomas resolve on their own, while others may be monitored with extra ultrasounds.
If you experience bleeding in pregnancy, it’s always a good idea to check in with your provider to find out what’s going on and what to watch for.
Sucking reflex: This is a natural, automatic response that helps babies feed. When something touches the roof of a newborn’s mouth—like a nipple or bottle—they’ll begin to suck. It usually develops around 32 weeks of pregnancy and is fully in place by about 36 weeks.
It’s one of the key reflexes that helps babies survive outside the womb and is part of what makes feeding possible right from birth.
Sunny Side Up: A common term for the occiput posterior (OP) position, where the baby is head-down but facing the front of the mama’s body (with the back of the baby’s head toward the mama’s spine). In this position, the baby’s face is turned upward toward the mama’s belly, rather than facing the back.
While some babies are born this way without issue, this position can sometimes make labor longer or cause more back pressure. Babies can also rotate during labor, so this position may change on its own as things progress.
Surge: A term some mamas and birth communities use instead of “contraction” to describe the wave-like tightening of the uterus during labor. The idea behind using the word “surge” is to shift the mindset from pain to power, focusing on the natural rhythm and flow of labor.
Swaddle: Swaddling is the practice of snugly wrapping a newborn in a lightweight blanket or cloth, usually with their arms tucked in and their lower body wrapped more loosely. It’s meant to mimic the snug, secure feeling of the womb and can help calm a baby’s startle reflex in the early weeks.
Some mamas swear by it, and some prefer not to swaddle at all. Some babies LOVE being swaddled and sleep better that way, while others seem to hate it. It’s not required—it’s just one option, and whether or not you use it depends entirely on what feels right for you and your baby.
Swaddling is typically used in the first couple of months and should be stopped once baby shows signs of rolling. If you choose to swaddle, be sure to follow safe sleep guidelines and always keep baby’s face and airway clear.
T
Tear: In the context of birth, a tear refers to a natural rip in the tissue around the vaginal opening that can happen as the baby is being born. Tears are common, especially during a first vaginal birth, and they can range from mild to more significant. They don’t always occur in the same place—some happen in the perineum (the area between the vagina and anus), while others can be toward the front, near the urethra or labia.
Around 50% of first-time vaginal births involve some kind of tearing, most of which are minor and heal well.
There are four degrees of tearing, based on how deep they go:
First-degree: A small, shallow tear involving only the skin. These often heal quickly and may not need stitches.
Second-degree: A deeper tear that goes into the muscle beneath the skin. This is the most common type and usually requires a few stitches.
Third-degree: A tear that extends through the perineal muscles and reaches the muscle around the anus. These require careful repair and a bit more recovery time.
Fourth-degree: The deepest kind, going through the anal sphincter and into the lining of the rectum. These are more serious and are usually repaired in an operating room.
Tears can sometimes be avoided or lessened with things like warm compresses, controlled pushing, perineal massage, or certain birthing positions—but they can still happen even when everything is done “right.”
It’s also a myth that tearing is caused by the size of the baby—many mamas have no tearing with larger babies and tearing with smaller ones. The way the tissue stretches, the baby’s position, and how the birth unfolds all play a bigger role.
Most tears, even the more significant ones, heal well with proper care and support.
TENS Unit: A small, handheld device that uses gentle electrical pulses to help manage pain.
TENS stands for Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation—“transcutaneous” simply means the stimulation is sent through the skin. During labor, a TENS unit is usually placed on the lower back using adhesive pads, and the electrical pulses work to block pain signals and encourage the release of endorphins.
Many mamas use it during early and active labor, especially for back labor. It’s non-invasive, drug-free, and gives you control over the intensity of the pulses.
Term: Refers to the time in pregnancy when a baby is considered fully developed and ready to be born, typically between 37 and 42 weeks. Term is often broken down into smaller ranges:
Early term: 37 weeks through 38 weeks, 6 days
Full term: 39 weeks through 40 weeks, 6 days
Late term: 41 weeks through 41 weeks, 6 days
Post-term: 42 weeks and beyond
Babies born at term are usually able to breathe, feed, and regulate their temperature without extra support.
Thrush: A common yeast infection caused by an overgrowth of Candida, a type of fungus that normally lives in small amounts in the body. In babies, thrush often shows up as white patches inside the cheeks, on the tongue, or on the gums that don’t easily wipe off. It can also make feeding uncomfortable or cause fussiness.
Mamas can get thrush on their nipples, too—often feeling sharp, burning, or itching pain during or after nursing, sometimes with shiny, flaky, or pink skin. It can pass back and forth between mama and baby, making it tough to treat unless both are cared for at the same time.
There are varying degrees of severity. For some, it’s mild and more of a nuisance. For others, it can be stubborn and painful. Good hygiene, allowing nipples to fully dry between feeds, and avoiding unnecessary antibiotics can help lower the chances of developing it. If you suspect thrush, reach out to a trusted provider who understands breastfeeding for guidance.
Tincture: A concentrated herbal extract made by soaking plant material in alcohol (or sometimes glycerin) to pull out its active ingredients.
It’s usually taken in small amounts—just a few drops at a time—either directly under the tongue or mixed with a little water.
Tinctures are used for a variety of wellness purposes, like calming nerves, boosting immunity, or supporting milk supply. Because they’re strong and fast-acting, it’s important to follow dosage guidelines and make sure the herbs used are safe and of a high quality—especially during pregnancy or while breastfeeding.
Toddler: A young child between the ages of 1 and 3 years. The term comes from the unsteady way young children walk, or “toddle,” as they learn to move around on their own.
This stage follows infancy and includes major developmental milestones like walking, speaking simple words, and beginning to show independence in daily activities.
Tongue Tie: When the tissue under the tongue (also called the lingual frenulum) is too tight or restrictive, limiting how much the tongue can move.
This can cause trouble with latching, sucking, or swallowing during breastfeeding, and sometimes leads to poor weight gain or nipple pain for the mama.
Tongue ties vary in severity, and some babies have no issues at all, while others may benefit from treatment to help improve feeding.
Tonic neck reflex (Fencer reflex): This reflex shows up when a baby’s head is gently turned to one side. The arm on that same side stretches outward, while the opposite arm bends up at the elbow—like the baby is striking a fencing pose. Their legs may mimic this position too.
It’s called “tonic” because it involves changes in muscle tone—how muscles naturally tighten and relax in response to movement or position. This reflex helps with early hand-eye coordination and shows that the nervous system is developing normally.
The tonic neck reflex is usually most noticeable between 1 and 4 months, and it fades away by about 5 to 7 months of age.
Torticollis: This is a condition where a baby’s neck muscles are tight or shortened on one side, causing the head to tilt in one direction while the chin points to the opposite side. It can be incredibly mild—just a subtle preference for looking one way—or more noticeable and restrictive.
Torticollis can develop in the womb if baby was in a tight or awkward position, or it might show up after birth due to how baby is positioned during sleep or feeding. You might notice your baby always looks one way, has trouble turning their head fully, or prefers nursing on one side.
It’s fairly common and often improves with simple, gentle interventions like stretches, repositioning, tummy time, or visits to a pediatric chiropractor or physical therapist. If you notice signs, it’s a good idea to bring it up with your provider so you can support your baby’s mobility early on.
Traction: In the context of birth, traction means gentle pulling or guiding—most often used when a provider assists the baby’s body out after the head is born, or when tools like forceps or a vacuum are involved.
It can also refer to pulling on the umbilical cord to help deliver the placenta after birth.
Traction is considered a light form of intervention—it's not invasive, but it does involve someone actively guiding part of the process rather than letting it unfold on its own.
When done too early or with too much force, it can increase the risk of complications, so it should be used with care. If traction is being used or suggested, it’s always okay to ask why it’s needed, how it will be done, and what your options are.
Traditional Midwife: Sometimes called a community or lay midwife, this midwife is typically trained through apprenticeship or experience rather than a formal medical program.
Traditional midwives may or may not be licensed, depending on their region. They often focus on ancestral knowledge, cultural practices, and the spiritual aspects of birth, and typically attend home births. Their care is highly personalized and outside the conventional medical system.
Transition: The final phase of the first stage of labor, when the cervix finishes dilating from about 8 to 10 centimeters.
Transition is often the most intense part of labor, with strong, close-together contractions and big physical and emotional shifts. Mamas may feel shaky, overwhelmed, nauseous, or like they can’t keep going—these are all normal signs that the body is nearly ready to start pushing.
While it can sometimes be tough, transition is also a sign that meeting the baby is very close.
Transverse Lie: A position where the baby is lying sideways in the womb, with their head on one side of the mama’s belly and their feet on the other, rather than head-down or breech.
This position is more common earlier in pregnancy, but by the end, most babies move into a head-down position. If a baby stays in a transverse lie close to labor, a vaginal birth isn’t usually possible, and providers may recommend trying to turn the baby or planning a cesarean if needed.
Triage: Triage just means figuring out who needs what kind of care and how urgent it is. In a birth setting, it’s the process you go through when you first arrive at a hospital or birth center. A nurse or provider will usually check things like your contractions, how dilated you are, baby’s heart rate, and how you’re doing overall.
The goal is to decide if you’re in active labor, if you should be admitted, or if it’s better to wait a little longer.
Trimester: Pregnancy is divided into three trimesters, each lasting about three months and marking different stages of growth and change for both mama and baby:
First trimester (weeks 1–13): Early development begins, and many mamas experience symptoms like fatigue, nausea, and mood shifts.
Second trimester (weeks 14–27): Often considered the easiest phase, with growing energy, a visible bump, and the baby beginning to move.
Third trimester (weeks 28–40+): The baby gains weight and prepares for birth, while the mama may feel more physically uncomfortable and focused on labor prep.
You might also hear people talk about the “fourth trimester”—a humorous but meaningful way to describe the first few months after birth, when both mama and baby are adjusting to life outside the womb. It’s a time of healing, bonding, learning, and lots of change.
Tucks Pads: Small, round pads soaked in witch hazel, often used after birth to soothe swelling, irritation, or hemorrhoids.
They’re cooling and gentle, and many mamas tuck them right into their pad or line them along the perineum for extra relief—especially in those first few postpartum days.
While they’re marketed for hemorrhoids, they’re a popular go-to for general postpartum comfort.
Tummy time: Tummy time is when a baby is placed on their stomach while awake and supervised. It’s recommended starting from the newborn stage—within the first few weeks of life—and continues through the first 6 months or until baby is confidently rolling over.
Tummy time helps develop strength in the neck, shoulders, arms, and core, which supports important milestones like lifting the head, rolling, crawling, and sitting up. It also helps prevent flat spots on the back of the head.
Some babies don’t enjoy tummy time right away, and that’s okay. There are gentle ways to ease into it. A parent can lie on their back and place baby on their chest, or baby can lie belly-down across a lap. You can also incorporate toys, mirrors, or face-to-face interaction to make it more engaging. It doesn’t need to be long stretches—just a few minutes here and there is enough, especially in the beginning.
The goal isn’t to make baby miserable, but to gradually build comfort and strength.
Twins: Twins are two babies developing in the womb at the same time. There are a few different types, depending on how they formed and what they share in the womb:
Fraternal (dizygotic) twins:
The most common type. These twins come from two separate eggs fertilized by two different sperm. They each have their own placenta and amniotic sac and can be the same or different sexes. Genetically, they’re like regular siblings.
Identical (monozygotic) twins:
These come from a single fertilized egg that splits into two. Depending on when the split happens, they may share a placenta and/or amniotic sac. They have the same genetic makeup and are always the same sex.
Mo/di twins (monochorionic/diamniotic):
Identical twins who share a placenta but have separate amniotic sacs. This is a common setup for identical twins and requires a bit more monitoring during pregnancy.
Mo/mo twins (monochorionic/monoamniotic):
Identical twins who share both the placenta and the amniotic sac. This is rare and more closely watched because of the increased chance of cord complications.
Di/di twins (dichorionic/diamniotic):
Twins who each have their own placenta and amniotic sac. This is the setup for all fraternal twins and some identical ones (if the egg splits very early).
Each type of twin pregnancy comes with its own level of monitoring and care, depending on what the babies share and how they’re growing.
U
Ultrasound: A tool used during pregnancy to create images of the baby inside the womb using sound waves. It’s a way to check on the baby’s growth, position, heartbeat, and overall development.
Ultrasounds can also be used to estimate due dates, look at the placenta and amniotic fluid, and sometimes reveal the baby’s sex. Some are quick check-ins, while others—like the anatomy scan around 20 weeks—give a detailed look at how the baby is developing.
Umbilical Cord: A flexible, tube-like structure that connects the baby to the placenta. It carries oxygen and nutrients from the placenta to the baby and removes waste products from the baby back to the placenta.
The cord usually contains two arteries and one vein, all protected by a soft, jelly-like coating called Wharton’s jelly. After birth, the cord is typically clamped and cut, leaving behind the baby’s belly button. It’s a vital part of how the baby grows and thrives throughout pregnancy.
Unassisted Birth: When a mama chooses to give birth without the presence of any medical professionals or licensed care providers.
Also called free birth, this approach is typically planned and done at home, with or without support from a partner, friend, or doula. Those who choose unassisted birth often do so out of a belief in trusting the natural process, wanting privacy, or having had past negative experiences in medical settings.
It’s distinct from an emergency birth without a provider, as free birth is usually a deliberate choice.
Urethra: The urethra is the small tube that carries urine from the bladder out of the body. In women, it’s located just above the vaginal opening and below the clitoris.
Uterine Lining: The inner layer of the uterus, also called the endometrium.
Each month, the uterine lining thickens in preparation for a possible pregnancy. If an egg is fertilized, it will implant into this lining and begin to grow. If pregnancy doesn’t occur, the lining sheds during menstruation.
During pregnancy, the uterine lining helps support and nourish the developing baby, especially in the early weeks before the placenta fully takes over.
Uterus: A muscular, pear-shaped organ in the pelvis where a baby grows during pregnancy. The uterus expands from about the size of a fist to large enough to hold a full-term baby, placenta, and amniotic fluid. Its strong muscle walls contract during labor to help push the baby out.
After birth, the uterus gradually shrinks back down to its pre-pregnancy size. It's a key part of both the reproductive system and the birth process.
UTI (Urinary Tract Infection): An infection in any part of the urinary system, most commonly the bladder.
It can cause symptoms like burning during urination, a frequent urge to pee (even if little comes out), lower belly pain, or cloudy, strong-smelling urine.
UTIs are fairly common in pregnancy because of hormonal and physical changes, and they can sometimes show up with no symptoms at all. If left untreated, they can lead to more serious infections, so they’re often with antibiotics.
If you suspect a UTI, it’s important to let your provider know and get tested.
V
Vacuum: An intervention used during the pushing stage of labor to assist with delivering the baby.
A vacuum involves placing a small suction cup on the baby’s head and using gentle traction during contractions while the mama pushes. It may be used if labor isn’t progressing, if the baby needs to be born more quickly, or if the mama is too exhausted to push effectively on her own.
Vacuum-assisted birth is typically done in hospital settings and is considered a type of assisted delivery, similar to forceps.
Vagina: A muscular, stretchy canal that connects the uterus to the outside of the body. It’s part of the female reproductive system and plays a key role in menstruation, sexual activity, and birth.
During labor, the baby moves through the vagina to be born—this is why it’s often called the birth canal. The vaginal tissues are designed to stretch during birth and gradually return to a more typical state in the weeks after.
Vasa previa: This is a rare but serious condition where some of the baby’s blood vessels (the word “vasa” means “vessels”) run through the membranes covering the cervix. The word “previa” means “before” or “in front of”—so the term describes vessels that are lying in front of the cervix, where the baby needs to come through during birth.
These vessels aren’t protected by the umbilical cord or placenta, which means they’re more fragile. If they tear when the water breaks or during labor, it can cause heavy bleeding and become dangerous for the baby very quickly.
Vasa previa is often linked with things like velamentous cord insertion or a low-lying placenta and is usually found on an ultrasound. If it’s diagnosed during pregnancy, providers can plan ahead—often scheduling a C-section before labor starts—to avoid any risk of the vessels rupturing.
Though rare, when it’s caught early and managed carefully, outcomes are usually very good.
VBAC (Vaginal Birth After Cesarean): Giving birth vaginally after having had a previous cesarean birth. For many mamas, VBAC is a safe and achievable option, depending on the reason for the earlier cesarean, how the uterus was stitched, and overall health. Some choose VBAC to avoid another surgery and have a shorter recovery time. Not all providers or hospitals support VBAC, so it’s important to ask questions, know your options, and find a care team experienced in supporting it.
Velamentous cord insertion: Normally, the umbilical cord plugs directly into the placenta—the thick, nutrient-rich organ attached to the uterus that feeds your baby. When this happens as expected, the cord’s blood vessels are safely cushioned and protected by a jelly-like substance called Wharton’s jelly.
With velamentous cord insertion, the cord doesn’t connect directly into the placenta. Instead, it attaches to the thin, clear membranes—the outer layers of the amniotic sac—that surround the baby and the placenta. From there, the cord’s blood vessels have to travel across those delicate membranes, without their usual protection, before they reach the placenta.
Because those vessels are more exposed, there’s a higher risk they could get compressed or damaged, especially if they’re near the cervix (a complication called vasa previa). If velamentous cord insertion is spotted on an ultrasound, your provider may monitor the pregnancy more closely. With good care and planning, many mamas go on to have healthy, safe births even with this condition.
The level of risk can vary—it depends on how far the vessels travel unprotected and where they’re located. In some cases, it’s a mild variation; in others, it requires more active monitoring or planning for birth.
Vernix: A creamy, white, waxy coating that covers a baby’s skin while in the womb, especially in the third trimester.
Vernix protects the baby’s skin from the amniotic fluid and helps with temperature regulation and immunity after birth. Some babies are born with a lot of vernix still visible, while others have very little, especially if born closer to or after their due date.
It’s often gently rubbed into the skin after birth rather than washed off, as it’s rich in protective and moisturizing properties.
Vertex: Refers to the position of the baby when the top of their head (the crown) is the part coming down first through the birth canal. This is the most common and generally most favorable position for a vaginal birth.
A vertex position means the baby is head-down, and usually tucked in with the chin to the chest, allowing for an easier fit through the pelvis. It’s a term often used during prenatal appointments or labor to describe how the baby is positioned.
W
Water Birth: A birth that takes place in a tub or pool of warm water, either at home, in a birth center, or in some hospital settings.
Some mamas labor in the water for comfort and then get out to push, while others choose to stay in and give birth in the water. The warm water can help with relaxation, ease the intensity of contractions, and support gentle movement.
Babies born in water are lifted out immediately after birth and start breathing once they hit the air.
Weaning: The process of transitioning a baby from breastmilk or formula to other forms of nourishment, like solid foods, cups, and eventually full meals. It doesn’t happen all at once—it’s typically a gradual shift that unfolds over weeks or months (sometimes longer).
Weaning can begin whenever it feels right for the mama and the baby, whether that’s after a few months or a few years. Some mamas start by dropping one feeding at a time, while others adjust based on their lifestyle, milk supply, or baby’s cues.
There’s no single “right” timeline—just what works best for your family.
Webster Technique: A chiropractic technique used during pregnancy that focuses on aligning the pelvis and reducing tension in the surrounding muscles and ligaments—especially the round ligament and sacrum.
The goal is to create more balance and space in the pelvis, which may help the baby settle into an ideal position for birth.
While the Webster Technique is not a method for turning babies directly, some mamas seek it out when their baby is breech in hopes of encouraging optimal positioning. It's typically performed by chiropractors who are trained and certified in this form of prenatal care.
Wharton’s Jelly: A soft, cushiony substance that surrounds and protects the blood vessels inside the umbilical cord.
Wharton's jelly helps keep the cord flexible and prevents the veins and arteries from being compressed, which is important for making sure oxygen and nutrients continue flowing between the placenta and the baby.
It’s made up of mostly water and special connective tissue, and it plays a key role in keeping the umbilical cord functioning safely throughout pregnancy.
Womb: Another word for the uterus—the muscular organ where a baby grows during pregnancy. The womb expands throughout pregnancy to hold the baby, placenta, and amniotic fluid, and then contracts during labor to help birth the baby. It plays a central role in the entire pregnancy and birth process and gradually returns to its pre-pregnancy size in the weeks after birth.
The term “womb” is often used in a more warm, emotional, or symbolic sense, while “uterus” is the more clinical term.
X
Y
Z
Zygote: The very first stage of human development—formed when a sperm fertilizes an egg.
A zygote is a single cell that contains all the genetic material needed to grow into a baby. Shortly after forming, it begins dividing into more cells as it travels down the fallopian tube toward the uterus.
This early stage only lasts a few days before the developing cells become a blastocyst and eventually implant in the uterine lining to continue growing.